美国新版K-12体育课程国家标准探析
National Standards of American New Version of K-12 Physical Education Curriculum

摘要：2013年，美国制定了新的K-12体育课程国家标准，此标准是引领美国体育教育发展的纲要型文件，为美国中小学体育课程的实施提供了详实而明确的计划，代表了当今体育课程的发展趋向。采用文献资料法，从美国新版标准的制订入手，探析该标准的基本架构、关键变化和特征。研究指出，新版标准的制订基于学生课堂中所学的技能和知识，确保标准可评价，新版标准的目标是养育具备体育素养的个体，为实现这一目标，年级水平结果指标表现为一种渐进的顺序，与2004年的标准相比，新版标准在术语使用、标准数量、年级水平和指标编码等方面出现了新的变化，新版标准的特征表现为强调个体的体育素养养育、重视运动技能能力的培养、体现体育课程标准的整体建构、注重刻意练习任务的创建和促进掌握氛围的创设。了解这些变化特征，有助于我们科学地了解国际体育课程的发展动态，拓展对体育课程标准认识的视野，为我国体育课程标准的完善和实施提供借鉴。
Abstract: America formulated a new version of K-12 physical education curriculum national standard in 2013. This standard is a programmatic document that guides the development of American physical education. It provides detailed and clear plan for the implementation of physical education curriculum in American primary and secondary schools and represents the development trend of current physical education curriculum. Based on its formulation, this paper analyzed basic framework, key changes and characteristics of the new national standard by the method of literature review. The results showed that the formulation of the new version was based on the skill ability and knowledge which student learned from classroom to make sure the standard can be evaluated. The target of the new version is to cultivate individuals with physically accomplishment. For this target, the grade-level outcome index is characterized by a kind of progressive sequence. Compared with the 2004 standard, the new one has some new changes in term using, standards quantity, grade level, and index code. The characteristics of new standard are emphasizing individual physically accomplishment cultivation, stressing motor skill ability form, embodying whole construction of physical education curriculum, paying attention to creation of deliberate practice task and establishing of atmosphere mastery. The understanding of these characteristics can help us to know the trend of international physical education curriculum. This study extended our vision on physical education curriculum standard and provided reference for improvement and implementation of China physical education curriculum standard