女性蹲起动作下肢动作特征和肌肉工作特征的增龄性分析
Aging of Lower Limbs’ Movement and Muscle Characteristics of Squat in Women

摘要：目的：探讨女性蹲起动作下肢动作特征与肌肉工作特征的增龄性变化。方法：选取北京市区社区居住各年龄段女性166名。用Kistler三维测力台、三维摄像系统和肌电仪记录受试者的蹲起动作特征，使用相应软件对运动学、动力学参数以及肌电数据进行分析，并用单因素和双因素方差分析各年龄组数据的差异。结果：各组下肢关节最大屈曲角度均为膝关节>髋关节>踝关节(P<0.05)，关节贡献度大小为髋关节>膝关节>踝关节(P<0.05)。20~29岁和30~39岁组的踝关节贡献度为向心阶段>离心阶段(P<0.05)，而其余各组则为离心阶段>向心阶段(P<0.05)。20~29岁和70~79岁2组间的左侧股直肌和右侧股二头肌动员时间百分比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论：女性蹲起动作的动作幅度主要由膝关节的运动范围决定；老年女性下肢各关节运动范围明显受限的情况首先发生在膝关节；女性完成蹲起动作的力量主要来源于髋关节周围肌群力量，这些肌肉的力量可随年龄增长而逐渐降低；50~59岁是髋关节力量衰退的关键敏感年龄。因此，女性随年龄增长应进行有针对的下肢肌肉力量与柔韧性锻炼。
Abstract: Objective: This study intended to discover the aging of lower limbs’ movement and muscle characteristics of squat in women. Methods: One-hundred and sixty-six healthy community-dwelling women from the Haidian area in Beijing were recruited. Squat movement was recorded by Kistler force platforms, 3-D camera and surface electromyography, and data was analyzed, the differences between different age groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and double-way ANOVA. Results: The maximum flexion angle of lower limb is knee joint > hip joint > ankle joint (P < 0.05), the contribution is hip joint > knee joint > ankle joint (P < 0.05), the contribution of ankle joint in concentric phase is larger than that in eccentric phase in 20-29 and 30-39 years old women (P < 0.05), but it is smaller than that in other age groups (P < 0.05). The percentages of recruited time in left rectus femoris and right biceps femoris have significances between 20-29 years old group and 70-79 years old group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The movement range of squat was limited by range of knee joint motion. Range of motion of lower limbs in old women was firstly showed up in knee. The strength to finish squat is coming from muscles around hip joint, which strength decreased as aging. Age of 50-59 years old is a turning point of the recession of hip joint strength. Women should engage strength training and flexibility training especially in lower limbs