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- 2018
恺伽伊朗对外贸易变化与农业经济发展(1800-1914年)
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Abstract:
自19世纪初西方势力的冲击伊始，伊朗传统经济社会秩序渐趋解体。对外贸易是西方冲击的重要形式，贸易总量的增长、贸易结构的改变和贸易逆差的扩大构成恺伽伊朗对外贸易变化的主要特征。其逻辑结果便是伊朗逐渐卷入资本主义世界经济体系之中，其农业经济商品化亦取得显著发展，突出体现为农作物产品出口的扩大、经济作物种植的增长与土地的私有化倾向。伊朗自给自足的自然经济渐趋解体，农业现代化进程拉开序幕。然而，恺伽伊朗的农业经济在商品化发展进程中逐渐形成对世界市场的依赖性；其农业生产技术亦停滞不前，主要原因则在于传统农业体制所导致的相关农业投入欠缺。在外地主土地所有制与实物分成租佃方式的结合，仍是恺伽伊朗农业经济的重要特征。
Since the shocks of western powers against Iran began in the early 19th century, the traditional economic and social order of Iran has been gradually disintegrated. Foreign trade was an important form of western shocks. The growth of total trade volume, the change of trade structure and the expansion of trade deficit constituted the main characteristics of the change of Iranian foreign trade. Its logical result was the fact that in the process of gradually involving into the capitalist economic system, the commercialization of agriculture in Iran developed remarkably, which was seen in the expansion of export of agricultural products, the growth of economic crops and the tendency of land privatization. The self-sufficient natural economy in Iran disintegrated gradually, and the process of agricultural modernization started. However, in the process of commercial development Iranian agricultural economy gradually became dependent on the world market, and its agricultural technology remained stagnant, whose main reason lied in the lack of relevant inputs caused by the traditional agricultural system. The combination of absentee landlord's ownership and sharecropping tenancy system was still an important characteristic of agricultural economy in Iran. Obviously, the agricultural development in Qajar Iran was confined to traditional framework
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