明代的官场京债与地方吏治
Usury in the Capital for the Officials and the Local Official Governance in the Ming Dynasty

京债，又名京账、官债、官吏债，在明代主要是指官员在京城所借的高利贷。明朝初期，政府一度希望通过道里费和赏赐制度来遏制官员借贷京债的现象，但是这一政策收效甚微，不久即为政府所放弃。从明朝中期开始，京债问题愈演愈烈，而朝廷于严刑峻法之外，并无具体的解决措施。这些借贷京债的官员一旦外任临民，在债务压力之下，多有非法索取民间资财的情况，甚至有因此与地方吏役通同为奸者，由此导致了地方吏治的败坏。
Jingzhai, also named jingzhang, guanzhai, or guanlizhai, mainly refers to the usury in the capital for officials in Ming Dynasty. In the early Ming Dynasty, the government wanted to keep this usury practice within limits by the policy of travelling expenses and reward at one time, but ended in vain. Then the government gave up this ineffective policy. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the situation became more serious, but there was no solution but laws and severe punishment. When the indebted officials served in local government, under the pressure of the usury, they often exploited the people. In addition, some of them worked hand-in-glove with the creditors or clerks, which resulted in the corruption of the local administration