烟草宽窄垄种植模式对烟田熟化效应研究
Effects of the Wide-Narrow Ridge Planting Pattern on the Anthropogenic Mellowing of Tobacco Soil

适宜的土壤环境是烟草优质适产的必要条件, 经整理后的烟田土壤理化性质变差, 致使烤烟经济效益降低.为了快速熟化新整理烟田土壤, 提高烤烟产质量, 本文采用田间试验的方法, 比较研究了宽窄垄与均匀垄两种种植模式下的烟株光合特性与烟田土壤温度、养分、酶的变化.结果表明, 宽窄垄种植模式在高温时期的土壤温度比均匀垄降低0.8~5.5 ℃, 有利于烟草避免高温损伤; 旺长期烟株的净光合速率比均匀垄平均提高12.15%, 全生育期过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶与磷酸酶活性平均提高10.5%, 12.2%, 18.3%和7.55%, 土壤养分也更加协调.宽窄垄配合20%牛粪有机氮基肥与垄沟秸秆覆盖处理效果更为明显, 7月19日的垄体土温比均匀垄的降低25%, 旺长期烟株净光合速率平均提高13.37%, 全生育期4种酶平均活性分别提高13.15%, 12.49%, 19.82%和9.58%.宽窄垄交替休闲种植作为一种新型的种植技术, 对土壤改良具有良好效果, 配合施用20%牛粪有机氮基肥与垄沟覆盖秸秆更有利于增强土壤的保墒调温能力, 提高土壤烟株光能利用率与土壤酶活性, 协调土壤养分, 其推广应用前景广阔.
A favorable soil environment is the foundation for the achievement of quality tobacco production with a desirable yield. Unfortunately, the physico-chemical properties of soil usually deteriorate after soil consolidation of tobacco fields, resulting in lower economic benefit of flue-cured tobacco cultivation. In order to speed up the anthropogenic mellowing process of newly consolidated tobacco fields for the improvement of tobacco yield and quality, a field experiment was made, in which two different planting patterns-wide-narrow ridge and uniform ridge-were compared about the photosynthetic characteristics of the tobacco plants, soil temperature and nutrients and changes in soil enzymes. The results showed that compared with the uniform ridge planting pattern, the wide-narrow ridge planting pattern decreased soil temperature by 0.8-5.5 ℃ during the high temperature period, increased the net photosynthetic rate of the plants by 12.15% in their vigorous growing stage, and enhanced the activities of catalase, urease, sucrase and phosphatase by 10.5%, 12.2%, 18.3% and 7.55% in the soil, respectively, which played an important role in soil improvement. The wide-narrow ridge planting pattern in combination with 20% organic nitrogen fertilizer application and furrow straw mulching had even better benefits: soil temperature decreased by 25% compared with uniform ridge planting pattern on July 19th, the net photosynthetic rate increased by 13.37%, and the average activities of the above-mentioned four enzymes increased by 13.15%, 12.49%, 19.82% and 9.58%, respectively. It is concluded that wide-narrow ridge planting pattern as a new planting technique has a good effect on soil improvement and, combined with it, application of 20% organic nitrogen base fertilizer and straw mulching furrow will give even better results