Management Options and Factors Affecting Control of a Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Biotype Resistant to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides
Repeated use of protox-inhibiting herbicides has resulted in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer) biotype that survived lactofen applied up to 10 times the labeled rate. Field and greenhouse research evaluated control options for this biotype of common waterhemp. In the field, PRE applications of flumioxazin at 72？g ai ha？1, sulfentrazone at 240？g ai ha？1, and isoxaflutole at 70？g ai ha？1 controlled common waterhemp >90% up to 6 weeks after treatment. POST applications of fomesafen at 330？g？ai ha？1, lactofen at 220？g ai ha？1, and acifluorfen at 420？g ai ha？1 resulted in <60% visual control of common waterhemp, but differences were detected among herbicides. In the greenhouse, glyphosate was the only herbicide that controlled protox resistant waterhemp. The majority of herbicide activity from POST flumioxazin, fomesafen, acifluorfen, and lactofen was from foliar placement, but control was less than 40% regardless of placement. Control of common waterhemp seeded at weekly intervals after herbicide treatment with flumioxazin, fomesafen, sulfentrazone, atrazine, and isoxaflutole exceeded 85% at 0 weeks after herbicide application (WAHA), while control with isoxaflutole was greater than 60% 6 WAHA. PRE and POST options for protox-resistant common waterhemp are available to manage herbicide resistance. 1. Introduction Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer) is a problematic weed in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) production systems throughout the central United States [1, 2]. In Missouri, common waterhemp is considered the worst weed to control among producers [3]. Common waterhemp has adapted to a range of growing conditions and crop production systems due to prolific seed production [4–6], competitiveness [7–9], genetic diversity, and herbicide resistance [10–13]. Common waterhemp is resistant to multiple herbicides that cover six modes of action. Initially, resistance to triazine herbicides [14] was documented in the Midwestern U.S., followed by resistance to acetolactate-synthase- (ALS-) inhibiting herbicides [15, 16]. As resistant populations became more frequent, a population of common waterhemp exhibited multiple-resistance to both triazine and ALS-inhibiting herbicides [10]. The ineffectiveness of ALS-inhibiting herbicides led to broad adoption of protoporphyrinogen-oxidase (Protox-) inhibiting herbicides. However, continuous usage resulted in common waterhemp biotypes resistant to POST applications of acifluorfen and lactofen in Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas [8, 9, 12, 17]. Li et al. [17] determined that a resistant
References
[1]
M. J. Horak and T. M. Loughin, “Growth analysis of four Amaranthus species,” Weed Science, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 347–355, 2000.
[2]
L. M. Wax, “Pigweeds of the Midwest: distribution, importance and management,” in Proceedings of the Intergrated Crop Management Conference, vol. 7, pp. 239–242, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, 1995.
[3]
M. Warmund, “Worst weeds 2010,” http://ppp.missouri.edu/newsletters/meg/archives/v16n11/a2.pdf, 2010.
[4]
D. D. Buhler, K. A. Kohler, and R. L. Thompson, “Weed seed bank dynamics during a five-year crop rotation,” Weed Technology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 170–176, 2001.
[5]
D. D. Buhler and R. G. Hartzler, “Emergence and persistence of seed of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, woolly cupgrass, and giant foxtail,” Weed Science, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 230–235, 2001.
[6]
R. G. Hartzler, D. D. Buhler, and D. E. Stoltenberg, “Emergence characteristics of four annual weed species,” Weed Science, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 578–584, 1999.
[7]
J. C. Cordes and W. G. Johnson, “Common waterhemp interference in corn,” in Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, vol. 56, p. 132, 2001.
[8]
A. G. Hager, L. M. Wax, E. W. Stoller, and G. A. Bollero, “Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in soybean,” Weed Science, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 607–610, 2002.
[9]
A. G. Hager, W. L. Patzoldt, and P. J. Tranel, “Confirmation of PPO-inhibitor resistance in an Illinois waterhemp population,” in Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, vol. 57, p. 71, 2002.
[10]
M. J. Foes, L. Liu, P. J. Tranel, L. M. Wax, and E. W. Stoller, “A biotype of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) resistant to triazine and ALS herbicides,” Weed Science, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 514–520, 1998.
[11]
A. S. Franssen, D. Z. Skinner, K. Al-Khatib, M. J. Horak, and P. A. Kulakow, “Interspecific hybridization and gene flow of ALS resistance in Amaranthus species,” Weed Science, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 598–606, 2001.
[12]
D. E. Shoup, K. Al-Khatib, and D. E. Peterson, “Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides,” Weed Science, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 145–150, 2003.
[13]
D. K. Wetzel, M. J. Horak, D. Z. Skinner, and P. A. Kulakow, “Transferal of herbicide resistance traits from Amaranthus palmeri to Amaranthus rudis,” Weed Science, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 538–543, 1999.
[14]
D. D. Anderson, F. W. Roeth, and A. R. Martin, “Occurrence and control of triazine-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in field corn (Zea mays),” Weed Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 570–575, 1996.
[15]
J. R. R. Hinz and M. D. K. Owen, “Acetolactate synthase resistance in a common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) population,” Weed Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 13–18, 1997.
[16]
C. L. Sprague, E. W. Stoller, L. M. Wax, and M. J. Horak, “Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides,” Weed Science, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 192–197, 1997.
[17]
J. Li, R. J. Smeda, K. A. Nelson, and F. E. Dayan, “Physiological basis for resistance to diphenyl ether herbicides in common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis),” Weed Science, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 333–338, 2004.
[18]
S. O. Duke, “Protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides,” Weed Science, vol. 39, pp. 465–473, 1991.
[19]
M. Z. Huang, K. L. Huang, Y. G. Ren et al., “Synthesis and herbicidal activity of 2-(7-fluoro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H- benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl)isoindoline-1,3-diones,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 53, no. 20, pp. 7908–7914, 2005.
[20]
H. J. Lee and S. O. Duke, “Protoporphyrinogen IX-oxidizing activities involved in the mode of action of peroxidizing herbicides,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2610–2618, 1994.
[21]
U. B. Nandihalli, “Quantitative structure-activity relationships of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting diphenyl ether herbicides,” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 193–211, 1992.
[22]
W. H. Ahrens, Ed., Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, Ill, USA, 8th edition, 2002.
[23]
C. M. Mayo, M. J. Horak, D. E. Peterson, and J. E. Boyer, “Differential control of four Amaranthus species by six postemergence herbicides in soybean (Glycine max),” Weed Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 141–147, 1995.
[24]
J. K. Sweat, M. J. Horak, D. E. Peterson, R. W. Lloyd, and J. E. Boyer, “Herbicide efficacy on four Amaranthus species in soybean (Glycine max),” Weed Technology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 315–321, 1998.
[25]
T. R. Legleiter and K. W. Bradley, “Glyphosate and multiple herbicide resistance in common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) populations from Missouri,” Weed Science, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 582–587, 2008.
[26]
N. E. Humberg, Ed., Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, Ill, USA, 6th edition, 1989.
[27]
D. E. Shoup, K. Al-Khatib, and D. E. Peterson, “Control of protox-resistant common waterhemp in corn and soybean,” in Proceedings of the North Central Weed Science Society, vol. 57, p. 16, 2002.
[28]
J. S. Falk, D. E. Shoup, K. Al-Khatib, and D. E. Peterson, “Protox-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) response to herbicides applied at different growth stages,” Weed Science, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 793–799, 2006.
[29]
B. A. Sellers, R. J. Smeda, W. G. Johnson, J. A. Kendig, and M. R. Ellersieck, “Comparative growth of six Amaranthus species in Missouri,” Weed Science, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 329–333, 2003.
[30]
N. E. Hausman, S. Singh, P. J. Tranel et al., “Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States,” Pest Management Science, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 258–261, 2011.
[31]
W. L. Patzoldt, P. J. Tranel, and A. G. Hager, “A waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) biotype with multiple resistance across three herbicide sites of action,” Weed Science, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2005.
