上海郊野公园无尾两栖动物微生境利用特征研究
Microhabitat Utilization of Anuran Species in Shanghai Country Parks

中文摘要：两栖动物是衡量城市生态系统环境质量的指标类群。郊野公园是上海城市生态系统中重要的两栖类栖息地。2015年5—9月，采用样线法对上海市6个郊野公园的无尾两栖类物种种群数量进行调查，采用样方法采集15种微生境变量数据。通过主成分分析和冗余分析了解各无尾两栖类物种对微生境因子的利用特征，并用卡方适合度检验分析无尾两栖类的不同种间分布重叠度。结果表明，优势度由高到低为泽陆蛙 Fejervarya multistriata、金线侧褶蛙 Pelophylax plancyi、中华蟾蜍 Bufo gargarizans、饰纹姬蛙 Microhyla fissipes、黑斑侧褶蛙 P. nigromaculatus，适宜的水质和结构合理的水生植被是其生存、繁衍的基础，坡度较小的自然坡岸是无尾两栖类自由往返水陆之间的重要保障。陆生植被的重要性次于水生植被，仅与金线侧褶蛙和黑斑侧褶蛙的分布有显著正相关。不同无尾两栖类物种对水体大小的适应能力不尽相同，郊野公园的水体比较开阔，不利于饰纹姬蛙的生存。本研究建议根据不同无尾两栖类的栖息地利用特征，建设具有不同物种特异性的栖息地景观，在保护好无尾两栖类的同时进一步提升公共绿地的综合生态服务效能。
英文摘要：Amphibian is an important indicator to measure the biodiversity and ecological quality of an urban ecosystem. Country parks are important habitats of amphibian in the urban ecosystem. The microhabitat utilization of 5 anuran species was studied in 6 country parks of Shanghai city. Line-transect surveys of the abundance of each anuran species were conducted between May to September, 2015. Data of 15 microhabitat variables were collected in 4 evenly sets of 6 m×3 m rectangular quadrats centered on the interface between water and land of each line transect. The principal component analysis and redundancy analysis were used to investigate the microhabitat utilization of each anuran species, and the χ 2 fitness test was used to analyze the interspecific overlaps of different anuran species among line transects. The results showed that the dominance of the 5 anuran species from high to low were Fejervarya multistriata, Pelophylax plancyi, Bufo gargarizans, Microhyla fissipes, and P. nigromaculatus. We found that well managed water bodies with proper aquatic vegetation communities were pivotal to the survival and reproduction of all the 5 anuran species. Meanwhile, water body edges with gentle slope were important for the translocation of anuran species between land and water. Compared with aquatic vegetation, the importance of land vegetation is the secondary, though positively correlated with the distribution of P. nigromaculatus and P. plancyi. Openness of water bodies had different influence on the distribution of the anuran species. Microhyla fissipes, a species typically distributed in small, clean, shallow waters, was found to have the smallest distribution and this is coincident with the fact that most of water bodies in the 6 country parks are open. We suggest that the microhabitats of each anuran species should be thoroughly studied and integrated into the design of city parks to enhance their functions as suitable habitats for anuran species in heavily urbanized ecosystem. 2018,37(4): 426-434 收稿日期：2017-05-08