生物质炭基肥施用对蔬菜产量和品质以及氮素农学利用率的影响

[目的] 作物秸秆、竹屑等农业废弃物和畜禽粪便不合理的处理方式不仅会造成资源浪费,而且还会影响生态环境。本文以商业化生产的稻壳生物质炭基肥、竹炭基肥和猪粪有机肥为试验材料,研究其与化肥配施对蔬菜产量、品质和氮素农学利用率的影响。[方法] 以番茄和辣椒为研究对象进行田间试验,共设置5个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、单施复合肥(CF)、猪粪有机肥与复合肥配施(CPF)、竹炭基肥与复合肥配施(CBF)、稻壳炭基肥与复合肥配施(CRF)。[结果] 生物质炭基肥与化肥配施可以显著提高番茄和辣椒产量和氮素农学利用率,并改善一部分蔬菜品质。与CF处理相比,CPF、CBF和CRF处理番茄产量分别提高了22.6%、8.5%和23.2%,CRF处理辣椒产量提高了26.3%,而CPF和CBF对辣椒产量没有影响。CPF、CBF和CRF处理番茄氮素农学利用率比CF处理分别提高了419.6%、215.5%和231.2%,辣椒氮素利用率比CF处理分别提高了78.5%、92.6%和138.1%。CPF、CBF和CRF处理下番茄和辣椒果实硝酸盐含量比CF显著降低了18.2%~27.7%和32.0%~40.4%。CBF和CRF处理较CF处理显著提高了番茄可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,而对辣椒果实可溶性糖含量没有显著影响。[结论] 生物质炭基肥可部分替代传统化肥,降低化学肥料的施用量,但不会影响蔬菜产量;同时还能够提高氮素农学利用率和改善果实品质。
[Objectives] The unsuitable disposal of agricultural residues, such as crop straw, bamboo scraps and livestock manure is not only causing a waste of bio-resources, but also negatively affects the environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three commercialized fertilizers on the yield and quality of two vegetables as well as nitrogen(N)use efficiency. The three fertilizers included two biochars-based compound fertilizers(rice husk biochar and bamboo residue biochar)and pig manure compost organic fertilizer.[Methods] The experiment was conducted in an open field with tomato and paper as testing plants. Five treatments were installed, including the control without fertilizer(CK), chemical fertilizer only(CF), pig manure compost fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer(CPF), bamboo biochar fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer(CBF), and rice husk biochar compound fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer(CRF).[Results] The application of biochar-based or pig manure compost fertilizer together with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the yield and fruit quality of tomato and pepper and increased nitrogen agronomic use efficiency. Compared with CF, CPF, CBF and CRF increased tomato yield by 22.6%, 8.5% and 23.2%, respectively;while CRF increased pepper yield by 26.3%. However, the application of pig manure composted and bamboo biochar fertilizer had no effect on the pepper yield. The application of pig manure compost, bamboo biochar and rice husk biochar fertilizer increased the N use efficiency by 419.6%, 215.5% and 231.2% respectively for tomato;while for pepper, N use efficiency increased by 78.5%, 92.6% and 138.1% under CPF, CBF and CRF, respectively. Compared with CF, nitrate concentrations of tomato and pepper under CPF, CBF and CRF decreased by 18.2%-27.7% and 32.0%-40.4%, respectively. The content of soluble sugar in tomato fruit increased significantly under CBF and CRF and the