木质材料无损检测的应用与研究进展

木质材料无损检测主要包括缺陷无损检测和力学性能无损检测两个方面,其无损检测基本方法主要有应力波法、机械应力变形法、振动法、微钻阻力法、射线法、雷达波法等。笔者先从检测原理入手对目前常见的木质材料内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测方法作了归纳,同时对木材和人造板内部缺陷和力学性能无损检测的应用和研究现状进行了归纳分析。木材和活立木无损检测技术发展较快,锯材和单板应力分等技术已有较为完善的检测设备,在发达国家已被广泛应用; 古建筑木构件和活立木内部缺陷无损检测实际应用也较多,但在检测精度和效率提高方面仍有广阔的发展空间。人造板无损检测的研究近年来主要集中在力学性能检测方面,实际应用较少。对已经有较好应用的无损检测技术,下一步科研的目标应是进一步提高检测精度和效率; 对尚处在科研探索阶段的无损检测技术,下一步仍应从基础理论完善和技术实现角度坚持工作。
Evaluation of wood based materials through nondestructive testing(NDT)methods has been used successfully for several decades. The NDT methods are fast, convenient and time-saving compared with traditional testing methods. There are two main aspects in NDT used for wood based materials. One is the detecting of internal defects by NDT, and the other one is the examining of mechanical properties using NDT. The NDT methods include stress wave, machine stress deflection, vibration, micro-drilling, rays, radar, etc. This paper generalizes the current common NDT methods of wood based materials for determining internal defects and mechanical properties in terms of detection principle and applications, as well as the research development of the NDT on wood and wood composite panels. In the NDT technologies, the evaluation of wood and standing trees has developed rapidly, and the advanced testing equipment for stress classification of lumber and veneer has been widely used in developed countries. There is a need for more practical applications of NDT on detecting internal defects of ancient wood structural members and standing trees with higher accuracy and efficiency. Although the research on NDT technology of internal defects of wood composite panels has been developed well during the last century and has been applied successfully currently, the research on NDT technology for mechanical properties of wood composite panels has been gradually increased in the recent years, but with limited practical applications. The future research goal should continually improve the detection accuracy and efficiency. It is suggested that the further work of NDT should persist in the fundamental research and technical implementation