心理学史视域中的斯金纳乌托邦思想――以《瓦尔登湖第二》为例

美国著名心理学家斯金纳受多种动因驱使，特别是为摆脱中年心理危机的困惑，在梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》、培根的《新亚特兰蒂斯》和莫尔的《乌托邦》中的传统乌托邦文学思想影响下，创作了世界畅销小说《瓦尔登湖第二》，旨在尝试着将其从动物实验中提出的行为主义的操作性条件作用原理运用于解决人类社会管理问题。全书以参观瓦尔登湖第二为主要线索，逐步深入展示了他的理想社会设计，表达了他对服饰、娱乐、用餐、工作、教育、家庭、医疗、美好生活、政治、宗教、自由等具体主题的看法。《瓦尔登湖第二》中的乌托邦思想，既激起了广泛实践尝试，也引发了深刻思想论争。
The famous American psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner, motivated by a variety of factors, wrote his world best？？selling novel Walden Two especially in order to get himself out of the bewilderment of midlife psychological crisis. We can see in this modern classic the influence of traditional utopian literary ideas embodied in such great works of the same kind as Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, Bacon’s New Atlantis, and Thomas More’ Utopia. By writing this novel, Skinner tried to use the behaviorist operant conditioning theory derived from various animal experiments to solve some problems of human social management. Throughout this book, the author took the visit to Walden Two as the main clue to unravel his philosophy of the design of an ideal society step by step and expressed views on some specific topics, such as clothing, entertainment, diet, work, education, family, medical treatment, good life, politics, religion, freedom, etc. The utopianism reflected in Walden Two has been tried and practiced by many people. But at the same time, it has also triggered a series of profound ideological debates