马克思政治经济学方法的批判性

为了揭露资产阶级社会中“统治个人的物质关系”的秘密，马克思从政治经济学方面对资产阶级社会作了科学研究。如何将资产阶级社会这一既定的历史事实真实地反映在观念中，成了马克思科学研究的关键。为此，马克思反思了资产阶级政治经济学家们使用的方法，肯定了“合理抽象”的重要性，同时批判了资产阶级政治经济学方法的抽象性和黑格尔观念论的幻觉。在马克思看来，资产阶级社会作为既定的历史性事件是一个独立于理论抽象之外的“实在主体”，它总是作为前提浮现在表象面前；思维在把握这一“历史性事件”时，不能直接将之呈现于理论中，只能借助“最简单的规定”在思维中予以再现。因而，“从抽象上升到具体”的方法只是思维把握具体的特殊方式。
In order to expose the secret of“ people’s being subject to things” in a bourgeois society，Marxinvestigated the bourgeois society from the perspective of political economics. The key to his scientificinvestigation is how to describe the bourgeois society which had been an established fact historically.Therefore，Marx affirmed the importance of“ reasonable abstraction” when he reevaluated the method adoptedby the bourgeois economists. Meanwhile，he criticized the abstractness in the bourgeois economists’ methodand the illusion caused by Hegel’s idealism. In Marx’s opinion，the bourgeois society，which has been anestablished historical fact，is a“ concrete subject” which is independent of theoretical abstraction and formsthe precondition for any theoretical abstraction. This historical fact，when our mind wants to grasp it，cannotbe presented directly in the theory but can only be represented in our mind through“ the simplest stipulation” .Therefore，the method of“ ascending from the abstract to the concrete” is a special way in which our mindgrasps the concrete