晚清上海法租界城市治理中的法律移植与司法实践——以违警罪为例

违警罪是大陆法系中一类独特的刑事违法类型。违警行为刑罪化的意义在于根据违法行为的危害性,通过差异化量刑区分一般违法行为和犯罪行为,以此保障惩罚的必要性和公正性。19世纪50年代末,为应对人口增长、流动性增加和经济发展带来的挑战,法国领事将大陆法系中的违警罪及其司法制度引入法租界。他照搬1810年《法国刑法典》中与违警罪相关的条款,并根据租界实际情况做出调整,颁布了《公董局警务路政章程》。此后,法国领事建立并逐步完善了以市政法规、巡捕房和会审公廨为核心的违警司法制度,在城市治理中收效显著。租界当局通过官方主导下的市政立法将治理目标精确化,不仅规训华人居民的日常行为,而且塑造了一个西方文明标准下的现代都市秩序。巡捕房起到日常监督的作用,会审公廨则是保障市政法规实施的最终环节。从短期来看,违警司法通过加重量刑能够有效地治理城市中的社会问题。从长期来看,违警司法的效果一定程度上受到违警罪刑罚种类的影响。不过,由于法租界当局在法律移植的过程中没有明确量刑标准,导致违警罪刑罚过重,破坏了租界中的司法公正。违警罪在法租界中的移植与实践,目的是改造华人生活习惯和形塑现代都市,同时也反映了华洋之间的不平等关系。
Abstract：Contravention is a unique category of criminal offense in the Civil Law. It was created in order to make a distinction between ordinary offenses and criminal offenses by means of different punishments. In the late 1850s, in response to the pressure of urban governance, French Consul transplanted the contravention and its legal system in the French concession of Shanghai. He employed French Criminal Law of 1810 and made some adjustments according to the actual situation of French concession, in order to establish a judicial system of contravention including the municipal regulations, police force and mixed court. The effect was significant. In the short term, the French authorities could effectively control some social problems by enhancing the measurement of penalty. In the long run, the effect of judicial system of contravention was most likely affected to the sorts of punishments. Lack of clear standard, the punishment for the contraventions was usually severe. The transplantation of contravention in French concession aimed at the transformation of Chinese lifestyle and shape a modern city in the western sense, but also reflected the unequal relationship between the foreigners and Chinese in Shanghai.