作为中介者的国家——论马克思国家学说的建构意义

国家学说是马克思主义理论的重要内容,而对国家学说的研究,大体都是立足于对国家学说的批判,因为马克思旗帜鲜明地将国家理解为统治阶级的上层建筑而应予以废除。但这并不意味着我们可以彻底否定国家对于现代社会的治理意义。虽然马克思完成了对现代国家的批判,但这也并不意味着在现代社会中,国家的使命就现实地完成了。从马克思对国家的批判中,我们可以发现国家作为一种中介而实现的对社会存在的普遍性建构,当然这种建构作用只具有历史的有效性,这源于资本主义狭隘形式的限制。但是,在历史唯物主义的视野中,历史的有效性是社会存在的常态。当马克思论述共产主义社会时,国家作为一个重要的中介承担起实现社会形态过渡的责任,这在《哥达纲领批判》中有过具体论述,而即使在后国家社会中,社会治理的原则中仍然会看到国家的身影。就此而言,作为中介者,国家履行着社会建构、社会治理与社会转型的装置作用,尤其表现为对普遍性与共同性的占有,这是马克思所说的人类共同体生活的一个必要前提,而且国家本身的消亡也是国家实现自我完成的一个必然环节,它并不是一种人为的操作,它有其基本的实现条件。而当身处国家治理现代化的语境中时,我们首先应该坚持马克思对于国家的基本旨趣,但更应该深刻地体会国家作为一种中介的重要内涵,它不仅仅表现为国家的作用,更表现为对国家地位的理解与认知。它要求我们首先充分地高扬国家对普遍性和共同性的建构作用,以及这种建构作用对于当代中国国家治理的借鉴意义。
Abstract：The theory of the state, which is basically focused on the critique on modern state, is an important part of Marxism because Marx had regarded the state as a superstructure of the rule class, and it must be abolished. But it does not mean that we can deny the function of the state; we have not realized the function of modern state when Marx accomplished his critique on modern state. We can find the constructive meaning of social being from Marx's critics on modern state. It merely has historical validity as it is restricted by capitalism. As communism is regarded, the state plays an important role in the social transformation. Even in the post-state period, we can also find the principle of the state. So as a medium, the state plays an important role in social construction and governance, especially in the achievement of university and communality. With the perspective of the modernization of governance, we should firstly insist on Marx's theory of the state, but we should also get the point that the state is the medium. It demands that we admit the constructive meaning of university and communality, as well as its enlightenment to us.