卡夫卡与官僚制

卡夫卡是官僚社会这一人类前景的深刻启示者。他的小说(特别是《审判》和《城堡》)以官僚制为题,却并非一般地描绘官僚组织的活动或所谓官场现象,而是揭示了现代官僚统治与现代精神之间的内在关联。本文通过对其小说的分析,指出官僚制的活动方式是:以现代自然科学式的“监视—记录”为基本原型,官员乃是一种“社会—科学家”,在权力的作用下,他们的书写(调查、记录、指令)被当作社会事实或现象的“源头”或“本体”。以书写为权力运作之基本方式的现代官僚制,一方面与现代自然科学的世界观关系密切,另一方面也大大得益于自15世纪后半叶开启的书写时代。卡夫卡是自《堂吉诃德》以来作为一种反书写的书写的现代小说精神的传承者。生活于20世纪前期的卡夫卡对在官僚书写全控制之下的小说及其他类型私人书写的危机有着清醒的意识。他的书写(小说、日记、书信)乃至他的整个生命活动,都可以被看作是对这一危机——其本质为人的精神危机——的回应。显然,这是一个关涉到在官僚组织和科学技术双重控制之下的人的真实生活是否可能的根本问题。
Abstract：Kafka was a revealer of bureaucratic society which would be the future of human being. His novels, especially The Trial and The Castle, in which the bureaucracy is one of the themes, do not describe the activities of the bureaucratic organization or officialdom generally, but reveal the internal connection between the modern bureaucracy and the modern spirit. By analyzing his novels, this dissertation points out that the “surveillance-record” in the modern natural science is the basic model of the bureaucratic activities, and the officials are one kind of the “social-scientists.” With the help of the power, the bureaucratic writing (investigations, records, instructions, etc.) are regarded as the “origins” or “reality” of the social facts or social phenomenon. The modern bureaucracy, which the writing is the basic model of action, on the one hand, has the close relationship with the world view of the model natural science, on the other hand also has benefited from the Writing Time which started at the second half of the 15th Century. Kafka was an heir of the spirit of the modern novel from Don Quixote, in which writing is anti-writing. Living in the early of the 20th Century, Kafka had kept wide awake to the crisis of novel and the other kinds of private writing which would be controlled by the bureaucratic power. His writings, including novels, diary and letters, and actually, his whole life, can be regarded as the response to this crisis. Obviously, this is the fundamental question whether the real human life is possible under the double control of the bureaucratic organization and scientific technology.