论马克思的“否定”概念

学界关于马克思的“否定”概念的理解,大致有两个路向:要么从黑格尔《逻辑学》出发去理解,要么从《精神现象学》出发去理解。但这两种理解在解释马克思成熟时期的著作时分别会遇到一些理论困难。事实上,这两种阐释方式只在解释马克思的早期作品时部分有效,彼时“否定”概念的基本内涵是“对象之规定的变动”。而在其成熟著作中,马克思的“否定”概念的内涵发生了重要变化,即转变为“使对象得以显现的历史性条件的变动”。“否定”所否定的,不再简单地是“无产者与资产者的对立”,而是在“无限性历史性地作为个体性之生成的前提,但这种无限性却以物化的方式与个体相对立”意义上的“现存状况”。正是由于无限性之成为个体性的前提乃是资本主义时代的人所面临的根本历史性境遇,故这一时代的“对于本体的否定”才是历史性的否定,而非抽象的否定。这种“否定”不再仅仅是对资本主义的具体规定之否定,而更意味着原本作为资本主义生产机制的一部分并已把握了无限性的无产者,通过新的交往方式(即真正的“联合”的建立)来消灭资本主义社会各种具体现实的“给出方式”。这种“否定”,或作为“否定之否定”的否定,其目标在于“去蔽”,即,已经具有无限性维度的个体将凭借此种“否定”而使其无限性本身得以显现。这样,“现存事物之消灭”就不再被理解为事物内在的否定性所设定的预成界限的出现,而是被理解为资本主义社会这一给定的历史境遇之瓦解。
Abstract：Up to now, the concept of “negation” of Karl Marx is usually understood in two directions.The first is to understand it through reading Hegel's Science of Logic, and the second is to understand this concept from the special viewpoint of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. Both of them could meet some difficulties when applied to the understanding of Marx's mature works. This article divides Marx's concept of “negation” into two meanings. For young Marx, this concept means “changes of the determination of an object,” but in his mature works it means “changes of the historic situations which make an object appear.” What Marx wanted to negate, was not simply “the opposition of proletariat and capitalist,” but the “actual situation,” that is, infinity was historically posited as the precondition of the becoming of individual but became the opposition of individual in the form of reification. It's because infinity historically has been the precondition of individual that in the era of capitalism “the ontological negation” is a kind of historical negation instead of any kind of abstract negation. This negation is not merely the one of the concrete definitions of actual capitalism, but the negation of the style-of-be-given of various concrete situations by the proletariat who were the necessary part of the production mechanism of capitalism and now grasp infinity itself, in establishing the new styles of communication, that is, real “free unity.” This kind of negation aims to make the infinity itself appear by the actions of the individuals carrying the dimension of infinity. Then “to destroy the present things” can't be understood as the appearance of a pre-given limit posited by negation within a thing itself, but as the situational collapse of the historicity of capitalism.