唯物史观视域下的历史与历史研究再探讨

历史经验是构成后人思想与智慧的重要组成部分。把握历史经验需要真正懂得什么是历史。从本质上说,历史是社会的变革,它由人类的思想活动、实践活动构成,因而也是人类思想和实践经验的“伟大楼阁”,这个楼阁“是时间在过去世代无终界域中建造的”;时间是一种媒介,它内含社会因素,具有一定的社会意义。因而历史以其时间性为后人寻找社会发展规律提供了凭借;人类大部分历史是治国的历史,随着历史的发展和人类实践活动的丰富,治国安邦的思想传统日益丰富。因而,历史也以其治国安邦的智慧成为为政者之友。研究历史应相信马克思主义的唯物史观具有强大的解释力。坚持唯物史观,需防止历史研究的片面性和非理性;遵循唯物史观,应做到为活人作历史,即一是赋予历史以新的价值,二是坚持历史既是科学,也是艺术的思维,体现历史研究的现实关怀;唯物史观要求历史研究要做到宏观研究和微观研究相统一,既防止陷入空洞无物的宏大叙述,又防止完全陷入碎片化而失去整体性和思想性的境地。
Abstract：Historical lessons are crucial components which formulate the thoughts and wisdom of human beings. In order to master historical lessons, one has to understand what history is. “It was Carl Marx who caught the essence of history.” Substantially speaking, history is the change of society, consisted of the thinking and activities of human beings. Thus, it is the “Great Pavilion” of human thinking and activities “built up by time in the boundless past.” Time is a medium that contains social elements and social meanings. Therefore, history offers clues for human beings to explore the rules of social development. In this great pavilion of history “lie all kinds of treasures accumulated by human through generations” that equips latter-comers with significant lessons for the explorations in activities and innovations in thinking. Statesmanship is an important part of human history. With the development of history and the enrichment of practical activities, the ideological tradition of statesmanship gradually fleshes out. As a result, history becomes a friend of statesperson because of its wisdom in terms of statesmanship. In doing historical research we have to believe that Marxist Historical Materialism has powerful strength in explanation. We need to avoid partiality and irrationality in historical research in order to stick to Historical Materialism. We shall do historical research for the living people. On the one hand, we need to empower history with new values; on the other hand, we need to demonstrate realistic concerns in our research through regarding history as both science and art. Historical materialism requires the unification of macro studies and micro studies, keeping away from empty general narratives and fragments which are lack of wholeness and ideology.