论国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性治理的柔化——以融入软法因素的必然性为视角

国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护与可持续利用是近年来国际社会炙手可热的议题。于是,联合国大会在2015年通过决议,决定就该议题制定一份具有法律约束力的国际文书。然而,国际谈判至今进展缓慢,各方分歧严重。有鉴于此,我们有必要反思采取“刚性治理”是否真正可行。就遗传资源的法律地位而言,公海自由原则的固有缺陷和国际海底制度的实践困境都意味着国际社会暂时无法在“共有物”与“人类共同财产”两种主张之间做出选择。因此,不妨以维护“人类共同利益”为目标制定软法,以便尽快采取共同行动。就遗传资源的惠益分享而言,作为“先行者”的《生物多样性公约》采取“由软至硬”的发展方式,并且至今仍然保留较多具有软法性质的规则。相比之下,联大决议所要建立的惠益分享制度面临更大困难,有必要参考上述循序渐进的思路。就海洋技术转让而言,由于国际技术转让具有异乎寻常的政治性,所以关于《国际技术转让行动守则》的谈判无果而终,《名古屋议定书》、《海洋法公约》等国际条约在这个问题上也仅形成了具有软法性质的规则。因此,就此制定软法更加现实。通过对上述三个关键问题的分析,可以看出:联合国大会未来将出台的上述国际文书势必会融入软法因素,即国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性治理的柔化是大势所趋。
Abstract：It is a hot issue for international community in recent years to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. Hence, United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in 2015 and decided to develop an international legally binding instrument on above issue under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, international negotiation is too slow and there are serious differences between the parties. So it is worth reconsidering the feasibility of binding governance. As far as the legal status of genetic resources, it is hard for international community to choose between res communes and common property of mankind because of the practical dilemma of international seabed regime as well as inherent defect of the freedom of the high sea. Hence, it is better to make soft law with the goal of the common interest of humankind so that joint action will be taken as soon as possible. As far as the benefits sharing of genetic resources, the rules of Convention on Biological Diversity was soft at the beginning and has been becoming more and more binding but there are still many soft rules in it in spite of the great endeavor in the past decades. Comparatively speaking, the benefits sharing put forward by the resolution of United Nations General Assembly faces more difficulties and it is wise to refer to experience above to establish the regime step by step. As far as the transfer of marine technology, the negotiation on Draft Conduct Code of International Technology Transfer failed and the clauses of conventions such as Nagoya Protocol and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are still soft so far since the technology transfer between countries is politically sensitive very much. Hence, it is more feasible to make soft law on the subject. After analysis of above three key questions, it is obvious for us that the elements of soft law will inevitably be part of the future instrument mentioned above which United Nations General Assembly will adopt. In