顾祖禹对《孙子兵法》军事地理思想的继承与超越

顾祖禹《读史方舆纪要》蕴涵了独具一格的军事地理思想,但其不是无本之木、无源之水。学界对顾祖禹编纂思想和地理思想已有了较为深入的探讨,但尚未对其继承和超越《孙子兵法》军事地理思想作出系统分析。顾祖禹选用绝佳字眼“妙”和“善”赞誉孙子的用兵之术,不仅推定朱元璋的用兵之术出自孙子和吴子,而且征引《孙子兵法》点评地理形势变化。《读史方舆纪要》汲取了孙子兵学思想精华,多方继承《孙子兵法》军事地理思想,包括接受其战略战术思想、沿用其军事地理术语、承袭其重视“地利”的思想、信奉其“夫地形者,兵之助也”的思想。并进一步拓展了《孙子兵法》军事地理学内容,广泛援引战史佐证《孙子兵法》军事地理思想,对“重地”的认知,更为全面深入。尤为重要的是,顾祖禹受到启迪,进一步提出了“地利变化无穷”和“争地必得其人”的思想,超越了原有的军事地理思想,使其成为军事地理领域一座难以逾越的高峰。
Abstract：Gu Zuyu had a high evaluation of Sun Tzu's generalship and military geography thoughts in The Art of War by Sun Tzu, which had huge impact on his writing The Key Notes on Geography in Historical Readings. He used positive words such as “wonderful” and “good” to praise Sun Tzu's generalship, and inferred that Zhu Yuanzhang's generalship came from Sun Tzu and The Art of War by Wu Qi . He commented on the geographical change according to The Art of War. The Key Notes on Geography in Historical Readings had absorbed the essence of Sun Tzu's generalship and his military geographical ideas: it accepted the strategic and tactical thinking, followed the geographic terms of Sun Tzu, inherited the geographical advantage thought, and further expanded the content of Sun Tzu through an all-round and in-depth understanding of “restricted area.” Most importantly, inspired by Sun Tzu, Gu had put forward the ideas that “natural formation has countless changes” and “contending for the land needs appropriate people,” which surpassed the original thoughts of Sun Tzu so that it became a new peak in the field of military geography.