《慈善法》实施后网络募捐的法律规制

网络募捐日益成为慈善募捐的重要渠道的同时产生了大量纠纷和问题,也凸显现行法律规范之不足。在《慈善法》颁布实施之后,慈善募捐有了一定依据,但是依然需要从原理到规则层面进行全面梳理和廓清。募捐主体、募捐地域限制和网络募捐平台的法律地位是其中最为关键的三个问题。首先,本文在区分慈善募捐与个人求助两个概念之后,揭示出个人求助的规制困境;而且因为《慈善法》明确表态不调整个人求助,所以只能适用其他法律法规对其进行规制。在排除了营利组织、互益组织、政府部门和媒体之后,募捐主体只能限于公益性的非营利组织。这不仅源于此类组织的特殊属性,也关乎公开募捐的公益性特征;其次,因为现行慈善组织行政管理体制受限于行政区域,因此网络募捐的备案不可避免地受到地域限制,而网络募捐突破地域限制已经成为现实,《慈善法》出于对现实的接受与回应,放松地域限制成为必然的选择;最后,网络募捐平台的法律地位有三种分类——企业承担社会责任的方式、联合劝募组织和职业劝募机构,所以对其规制除了从网络服务提供商的视角进行考量之外,还需要从不同组织性质的角度予以关注。
Abstract：Network has already become an important channel for charitable fund-raising and caused a lot of disputes and problems, highlighting the inadequacy of existing legal framework. After the promulgation and implementation of Charity Law, there are some stipulations on this issue, but still need to clarify the boundaries and rules comprehensively. Subject of fund-raising, geographical limits to fund-raising and the legal status of online fund-raising platform are of the most critical issues. Firstly, after distinguishing between individual help-seeking and charitable fund-raising, it reveals the dilemma of the regulation on the former. The Charity Law expressly does not adjust individual help-seeking, and can only apply other laws and regulations to regulate it. In the exclusion of profit organizations, mutual benefit organizations, government departments and mass media, the subject of charitable fund-raising can only be limited to public benefit organizations. This stems not only from the special properties of such organizations, but also on the public welfare characteristics of publicly fund-raising; Secondly, because the existing administrative system of charitable organization is restricted by administrative area, the filing of charitable fund-raising inevitably receives geographical restriction. While online fund-raising breakthrough the geographical limitation has become a reality, charity law relaxed geographical restriction becomes inevitable choice. Furthermore, the legal status of online fund-raising platform is classified into three categories: Corporate Social Responsibility-undertaking mode, united way organization and specialist fund-raising agency. Therefore, in addition to its regulation from the perspective of network service providers, there is also a need to focus on this issue from the perspective of organizational nature.