慈善法的公共价值倡导及其实现路径

2016年第十二届全国人大第四次会议通过的《中华人民共和国慈善法》作为社会领域的一部基本法律,打破了将慈善限于道德范畴的传统认知藩篱,衔接了中国传统与当代对慈善的价值理解,成为立足公共利益推动社会资源良性分配和塑造当代法治精神的历史性标志。本文认为,《慈善法》的十年立法历程反映了全球化时代中国人对公共利益分层化、分域化实现的逐步承认,以及对全能主义政府的反思。其意义不只在于为慈善活动提供了基本行为指引,更在于提供了将传统与现代连接起来的公共价值实现路径。基于此,《慈善法》为公共价值的实现提供了更为多样化的组织载体选择,并以行为判断而非动机判断作为促进慈善活动常态化的制度安排逻辑,从长远看有利于铺设慈善的社会化路径。但是,由于制度供给不足与利益需求及其实现途径多元化要求旺盛之间的矛盾,《慈善法》公共价值的实现还需要克服时间距差和实践距差,并考量制度刚性与实操弹性之间的公共价值冲突治理动态区间。
Abstract：As a basic law in society sphere, The Charity Law passed by the 4th Conference of the National People's Congress in 2016 has become a symbol of mobilizing benign allocation of social resources and shaping the rule-of-law spirit by delimiting the Chinese traditional cognition of classifying charity into the category of virtue. The ten-year legislation reflects the changing meaning of public interest and the reflection of totalitarianism. Therefore the significance of the Charity Law is not only a basic guideline for charitable activities, but also an advocacy of public value connecting tradition and the contemporary age. Based on this, the Charity Law offers diversified organizational choices for the realization of diversified public value, and is beneficial to the routine normalized charitable activity in social sphere by the logic of judging charity on behaviors instead of motives, which is consequently good for the rooting of charitable activities in the public in the long term. However, since the institutional delivery cannot meet the demands of charity development yet, the time gap and practice gap need to be overcome and some kind of dynamic interval of conflicts of public value needs to be considered deliberately in the implementation the Charity Law in order to realize the public values that the Law advocates.