我国城镇社会养老金性别差异分析

承受更大长寿风险的女性对于养老金的需求甚于男性,但是实际上女性在劳动力市场中的弱势地位往往转化为了养老金方面的弱势。本文从覆盖率、待遇水平和替代率三个方面衡量了中国城镇养老金的性别差异,发现女性在各个指标上均弱于男性。由于养老金的性别差异主要来源于劳动力市场上的性别差异,因此劳动力市场的改善有助于缩小养老金的性别差异。另一方面,可以通过改善养老金制度来平衡养老金性别差异,例如建立普惠性养老金制度和夫妻关联的养老金制度,在中短期更为可行。
Abstract：Women have longer expected lifetime than men and thus pensions are of more concern to women. But the female disadvantages in the labor market usually transfers to their weak status in pensions. This paper values the pension gender differences in China's cities and towns in terms of coverage, benefits and substitution rate to find that women do not enjoy equal access to pensions as men do. As gender differences in pensions are mainly originated from gender bias in the labor market, improving women's position in the labor market will help to narrow gender gap in pensions. Another way is to improve the pension systems. Establishing universal non-contributory pensions and earnings sharing pensions are two examples.