南极海洋保护区的国际法依据辨析

南极海洋保护区是南极国际治理中的最新议题。2009年英国提议的南奥克尼群岛海洋保护区获准设立。近年来,围绕美国与新西兰提议的罗斯海保护区以及法国、澳大利亚和欧盟等提议的东南极保护区建议,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)成员方就新的南极海洋保护区的设立与管理展开了新一轮的利益角逐与政治博弈。争议焦点集中于南极海洋保护区的合法性、必要性与可行性等问题,集中反映了国际社会在海洋生物资源养护与合理利用、人类当代利益与后代利益、粮食安全与可持续发展等合法利益之间的平衡与取舍。作为联合国海洋法公约、生物多样性公约的成员国以及南极国际治理的重要参与者,我国应当充分利用CCAMLR协商一致的决策机制,积极参与南极海洋保护区这一新的南极治理规则的制定,努力引导其朝着有利于维护南极条约体系稳定以及我国南极重大利益的方向发展。目前,我国应将谈判重心从南极MPA设立的合法性转向其设立与管理的科学性与必要性,以CCAMLR确立的“生态系统方法”、“风险预防方法”以及“最佳科学依据”为依托,在利益平衡基础上完善现有提案;同时,在加大南大洋科考力度的前提下,适时选取具备保护价值的海域,提出我国的南极MPA提案,从而维护我国在南极条约体系中的核心利益与大国地位。
Abstract：Antarctic Marine Protected Area (MPA) assumes pre-eminent status in Antarctic international governance discussion. After the establishment of the first Southern Ocean MPA in 2009, plans for large MPAs in the Ross Sea and East Antarctic came up for discussion in CCAMLR. Recent years have witnessed a new round of interest rivalry and political wrestling of the major players of the Antarctic Treaty System on the establishment and management of Antarctic MPAs. Their debate turns on the legitimacy, necessity and applicability of the protected area hereof. Such debate reflects the trade-offs of lawful interests for the international community in striking balance between conservation and rational use of marine living resources, between contemporary interests of mankind and that of their offspring, and between food security and sustainable development. Whereas as a member state of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and as a weighty participant of Antarctic international governance, China shall make full use of the decision-making apparatus adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and honor its due role in setting up rules for Antarctic international governance. Meanwhile, China shall strive to lead such rules working in favor of both the stability of Antarctic Treaty System and China’s major interests in Antarctic region. Currently, China should centralize its MPAs negotiation on the scientific bases and necessity instead of its legitimacy. And try to propose revised plan based on ecosystem approach, precautionary approach and best science available. For the purpose of safeguarding National’s core interests and status in Antarctica, China may propose suitable MPA plan based on advanced research on South Ocean.