体像困扰与社会文化因素

摘要： 数据显示大多数人对自己的体像不满意，而对体像的不满意可能形成困扰。存在体像困扰的个体更多体验抑郁、焦虑等负面情绪，且体像困扰和进食障碍、体像障碍等精神疾病均存在密切的关系。在介绍概念的同时，本文还对体像困扰相关社会文化因素的影响进行了综述。已有研究表明女性较男性更容易受到体像困扰的影响；体像困扰存在跨文化的一致性，也存在文化差异；家庭、同伴和媒体对于体像困扰均有影响。
Abstract: Body image dissatisfaction, as quantified by the distance between the ideal and real body image, contribute largely to the body image disturbance. Individuals with body image disturbance suffer from high level of depression and anxiety, as well as low self esteem. Body image disturbance is often associated with mental disorders such as eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder, and has been considered as core symptom of these two disorders. As a result, a large proportion of study on body image disturbance focuses on diagnosed patients. However, recent studies suggested that many people among common population also suffer from body image disturbance. Thus, this issue should not be neglected due to widespread influence. Very limited studies have been carried out in mainland China. The purpose of current study is to review related findings systematically. Several interesting findings have been presented. These findings may contribute to our understanding of body image disturbance among common population and among those with related diagnosed mental disorders. First, females are more susceptible to body image disturbance than males. Several studies consistently found that only a few females are satisfied with their body image. Regretfully, most females who are not satisfied with their real body image are eager to own a slimmer shape. This trend has been observed in some males, but a substantial proportion of males also want to be stronger. This gender differences may be related to larger gender difference among subtypes of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Additionally, Lesbian women reported lower body dissatisfaction than did heterosexual women, and gay men reported higher body dissatisfaction than did heterosexual men. Thus, researches from homosexual groups exhibited that the gender difference in body image disturbance lies in social gender but not biological sex. It seems that those who internalization the female gender suffer more than those who internalization the male gender. The influence of sociocultural environment on body image disturbance need further investigated. Second, body image disturbance occurs increasingly earlier. Traditionally it has been accepted that body image issues first appear when individuals reaching puberty. However, recent studies suggest about one fifth of first-grade pupils are not