初中生积极适应的发展轨迹：基于潜变量增长模型的分析

摘要： 采用问卷法对369名青少年在初中阶段的积极适应状况进行历时三年的四次追踪测试，通过潜变量增长模型检验初一至初三期间个体积极适应的变化趋势，同时考察随时间稳定变量（学校转换）和随时间变化变量（压力知觉）对积极适应的影响。结果发现：1、从初一到初三，个体的自我肯定和行事效率均呈曲线上升趋势，且上升速度逐年下降；亲社会倾向呈线性上升趋势；积极应对则呈线性下降趋势；2、学校转变对初中生积极适应发展的影响较小；3、压力知觉对当时初中生的积极适应具有显著抑制作用。
Abstract: Social adjustment has been the core issue of developmental psychology. Positive adjustment is typically defined as the behavior that is consistent with social norms and benefits the individual’s survival and development across multiple domains that are self adjustment (self-affirmation), interpersonal adjustment (pro-social tendency), behavioral adjustment (acting efficiency) and environmental adjustment (active coping) respectively. Positive psychology indicates that positive adjustment is independent of negative adjustment, and the focus on positive function of social adjustment can facilitate social stability as well as the harmony between individual and environment. However, most previous research has focused on the negative function of social adjustment, such as problem behavior, negative emotion and so on. Much less is known about the developmental trajectories of positive adjustment and the contributing factors and mechanisms that underlie the development, particularly in life stage with an accumulation of changes and challenges. The transition to adolescence has been characterized as a critical period with the dramatic change resulted from school transition and sharp physical and psychological development. Thus, the development of positive adjustment plays an important role in adolescents’ healthy growth. Accordingly, a three-year longitudinal study was conducted to examine the change trajectories of positive adjustment, and how external factor (school transition) and internal factor (perceived pressure) shape the development for middle school students. A total of 369 seventh-grade adolescents were recruited from two middle schools and participated in the study. Among them, 290 adolescents (140 females and 150 males, mean age is 12.32 years, SD = 0.52) participated in all three consecutive years, in which 181 adolescents made the transition from primary school to different middle school and 108 continued in the same school (1 adolescent didn’t respond to the item). The study adopted Adolescents’ Social Adjustment Assessment Scale and Perceived Pressure Questionnaire for Middle School Students to assess four positive adjustment indices (self-affirmation, pro-social tendency, acting efficiency and active coping) and perceived pressure for four time points in November of 2012, May of 2013, December