学步儿母亲过度投入/未解决的依恋表征与控制行为：婚姻质量及儿童性别的调节作用

摘要： 采用追踪设计，以北京市94名学步儿及其母亲为被试，系统考察学步儿期母亲过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对控制行为的影响，以及婚姻质量、儿童性别的调节作用。结果发现：(1)过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对3岁时的强制性控制具有显著的正向预测作用。(2)过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对3岁时温和控制及命令性控制的影响受到婚姻质量的调节。(3)婚姻质量及儿童性别共同调节过度投入/未解决的依恋表征与3岁强制性控制之间的关系。
Abstract: Maternal control behaviors during toddlerhood exert long-term impacts on children’s cognitive and social-emotional development. Maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations have been found to be associated with negative control. However, the associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors have not yet been explored systematically and the potential moderating mechanisms by which these effects occur remain to be examined. What’s more, most of the studies are cross-sectional. The present study investigated the longitudinal associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors, and focused principally on the moderating roles of marital quality and child gender. Participants included 94 mothers and their toddlers (41 boys, 53 girls; Mage = 1.17 years, SD = 0.07 at T1; Mage = 2.07 years, SD = 0.09 at T2; Mage = 3.15 years, SD = 0.09 at T3) in urban areas of Beijing, China. Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were assessed by mother report using Adult-to-parental Attachment Experience Survey (AAES) and Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test at 1 year of child age (T1). Maternal control behaviors which included gentle control, command control and forceful control were coded through 10-minite videotapes of mother-child interactions at T1, T2, and T3. The percentages of missing data for all study variables were between 13.33% and 22.22%. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of marital quality and child gender after imputing missing values using expectation maximization (EM). Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were mean centered prior to analysis. The results showed that: (1) The preoccupied/unresolved dimension of the AAES was not significantly related to marital quality and control behaviors at T1 and T2, whereas preoccupied/unresolved dimension was significantly?associated?with forceful control at T3, controlling for forceful control at T1. (2) Marital quality moderated the associations between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations, and gentle control and command control at T3. Specifically, preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations were related to subsequent low