走向禅让:魏晋之际阶层的固化与易代模式

摘要 士大夫群体历经数百年的成长壮大，至魏晋时期演变为士族阶层。魏晋之际政治云谲波诡的背后，则是士族阶层的日渐强大与稳定发展。西晋初年，将相大臣出身大族者，占有相当大的比例，他们不是曹魏权贵，就是魏臣子孙，朝代更迭和阶层固化看似矛盾，却完美兼容于中古时期。作为代价最小的易代模式，禅让最符合士族阶层持续发展的利益诉求，也逐渐沉淀成精英人群普遍认同的政治精神。易代模式与占统治地位的社会阶层密切相关：士族群体的稳定发展，禅让思想的日渐成熟，以及禅让模式的轮番上演，三位一体，共同开启士族社会的门户。
Abstract：The gentry group, with the gradual development for several centuries, had evolved into the class of great clans in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Together with the ruthless struggle for political power, the class of great clans became much stronger and developed steadily. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, most generals and ministers were from the great clans, who were either the high officials of the Wei Dynasty or the descendants of them. Although it seemed to be paradoxical, class solidification and dynastic replacement coexisted in medieval China. As the means of dynastic replacement with the minimum cost, the crown abdication greatly conformed to the aristocratic interests and gradually became the political spirit that were widely accepted by the gentry class. The substitution pattern of imperial power was closely related to the dominant social strata. The steady development of the great clans, the ripe theory of crown abdication, and the practice of different patterns of abdication-these three factors closely worked together so as to open the curtain of medieval aristocratic society.