教育扩大了行业收入差距吗?

摘要 通过计算2003—2013年97个行业的地区行业基尼系数和行业泰尔指数，发现中国地区行业收入差距有明显的空间相关性；除安徽和湖南外各省份行业收入差距呈倒U形走势，泰尔指数在2003—2008年增长了17.9%，之后至2013年又下降了10.3%。线性空间回归模型表明教育年限与行业收入差距正相关，受教育年限逐年增长扩大了行业收入差距。进一步研究发现，教育对行业收入差距的影响具有非线性特征和结构效应，大专学历就业人数占比上升产生了缩小行业收入差距的效应，但缩小效应难以扭转其他学历就业人数占比变化带来的扩大效应，总体而言教育扩大了行业收入差距。文中的其他证据也支持这一结论。另外，行业收入差距与人均GDP存在着类似"库兹涅兹曲线"的倒U形关系；行业垄断扩大了行业收入差距；服务业集聚水平、市场潜能、人力资本和市场开放程度与行业收入差距正相关。
Abstract： By calculating Gini coefficient and Theil index of 97 industrial wages from 2003 to 2013, we find out that China's industry income gap had an inverted u-shaped trend, while Theil index rose 17.9% in 2003—2008 and fell by 10.3% in 2013. The average education years for Chinese employers have been annually increasing, while junior middle school graduates account for nearly half of employees. Industry income gap has regional difference. The spatial regression model demonstrates that there is inverted U shape nonlinear relationship between average education years and industry income gap. Education has composition effects on industry income gap, which means that the growth in the proportion of college educated workers narrows the income gap, and shrink effect is difficult to reverse the expansion effect of other qualifications. Generally speaking, education has expanded industry income gap, a conclusion which has been supported by other evidence and is just opposite to previous similar researches. Given this, income inequality between industries shows an inverted U-shaped curve which is similar to Kuznets curve. The industrial monopoly expands income gap, which is positively correlated with the level of market agglomeration in service industry, the market potential, the quality of manpower capital and opening degree.