隐喻的身体：民国时期学校中的女子“剪发问题”

摘要 近代中国学校是改造国民性、打造身体的重要空间，置于其中的学生身体为充斥学校空间的诸种话语力量所规范和打造。身体可谓是近代教育空间中诸种话语力量的集结点，也成为认识和理解中国近代教育历史的重要切入点。民国时期，女学生的剪发问题为国家话语和男性话语所主导，她们被禁止剪发；“五四”时期，“女性自决”意识觉醒，剪发被符号化为女性对独立的追求，女学生剪发渐兴；20世纪二三十年代，时尚话语与国家话语先后主导着女学生剪发问题，女学生剪发渐渐普及，但头发问题依然未摆脱“妇运国家化”的历史命运。
Abstract： In Republican China, construction of human body was a vehicle of displacing and displaying social anxieties, and the Chinese body encountered intensive and continuous configuration (Huang jinlin, 2006, P.3). Schools in Republican China, as an enclosed space, organized along with Republican China, are of importance to regulate bodies. Human body gives a privileged access to the research of history of education in Republican China. In this paper, we will examine the conflicts and struggles between school authorities and girls around “girls’ hair”, which occurred in the early Republican China. Republican China experienced a series of conflicts and struggles around girls’ hair in school. It is interesting to find a more traditional view on girls’ hair cutting or hair perm prevailed, while forbidding feet binding and liberating breast were seen as a rebellion against body repression. Based on literature review, we analyze the possible reasons behind it. In the early 20th century, inspired by national liberation movement, as well as democratic revolution movement and international feminist movement, women’s self consciousness in China was awakened. Women’s pursuit of liberation evoked the anxiety of men, who, for a long time, monitored the discourse on what image of women should be. The right of self determination of hair was considered as a protest against male domination, hence the conflicts and struggles between girls and schools. That girls’ hair cutting or hair perm was not an endowed symbol of modernity was another reason. In Republican China, women were imbued with “nationalist universality in a masculinist discourse” (Tani Barlow, 1996, pp. 58). While girls’ hair cutting or hair perm even in modern western countries met with opposition, the image of modern women which the progressive intellectual class (overwhelmingly male) constructed, who put all modern western experiences as reference, did not involve hair cutting or hair perm. Furthermore, in the article Figuring Modernity: The New Woman and the Modern Girl in Republican China, Sarahe Stevens proposed that there were two images of woman in Republican China, the figure of the New Woman and the figure of Modern Girl, and these two images reflected opposite views of modernity, the former stood for the nation and its quest for modernity and