中国义务教育均衡发展报告——基于《教育规划纲要》第三方评估的证据

摘要 通过对苏、鲁、鄂、湘、川、渝等14个省（市、自治区）82个县（区）546所中小学的实证调查，结合2010年-2014年义务教育发展的宏观数据和部分省（市、自治区）的典型案例分析，对2010年以来中国义务教育均衡发展状况进行监测评估。评估发现：5年来，中国义务教育均衡发展成效显著，不仅从战略任务的高度“建立健全义务教育均衡发展保障机制”，而且不断“完善投入机制”、“加大教育投入”，深入推进学校标准化建设成效显著，学校办学条件大幅改善，同时，“加强师资队伍建设”有所进步，“均衡配置师资”逐步实现。但也存在着义务教育经费投入“中部塌陷”、办学条件“内涵化”差距巨大、农村师资队伍结构性缺编严重、城镇化进程中新挑战不断、教育质量城乡差距甚大等问题。因此，新时期中国义务教育均衡发展要坚持五大发展理念，转变义务教育发展方式，深化义务教育综合改革，开拓义务教育内涵均衡、优质均衡与特色均衡的发展道路。
Abstract： This article is based on the empirical investigation in 546 elementary and middle schools from 82 counties 14 provinces, as well as macro data of compulsory education development and case studies of each province from 2010 to 2014, It aims to evaluate the balanced development of compulsory education in China since the implementation of National Medium and Long-term Plan for Education Reform and Development (2010-2020) and presents an analysis of the balanced development of compulsory education since 2010. According to the evaluation, compulsory education in China has made remarkable achievements in terms of balanced development, reaching a new starting point. First, a guarantee mechanism has been established to promote the compulsory education in a strategic way. Second, an investment mechanism has been improved to ensure a growing investment in compulsory education. Third, remarkable achievements have been made in the standardization of school construction. Fourth, some progress has been made in capacity-building of the teaching staff, and the balanced allocation of the teaching staff is under way. However, the evaluation reveals some problems, such as inadequate funding of compulsory education in central areas, big gaps in education quality between schools, structured short-staffed schools in rural areas, plus the new challenges in urbanization. Therefore, to promote high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education in China, it's essential to adhere to the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, adopting a top-level design and overall planning, and ensuring there is a cushion in place for those in great need. Besides, it's important to build a development network, focusing on the key points to promote balanced and improved quality. First, it's important to renew the development concept and change the traditional ways of balanced development of compulsory education. Second, it's necessary to establish a linking mechanism, strengthen the responsibilities of the government to promote the balanced development and synergetic governance of compulsory education. Third, it's imperative to further