反思民事连带责任的共同诉讼类型――基于民事诉讼基础理论的分析框架

基础理论是民事诉讼理论分层中处于上位的三个层次。以处于第一层的诉讼目的和诉权理论以及处于第二层的辩论原则和处分原则为指引，以处于第三层的诉讼标的和既判力理论为中心，重新审视民事连带责任的共同诉讼类型（第四层），具有重要的理论意义与现实意义。民事连带责任的共同诉讼标的并不同一，且不存在既判力扩张，故并非固有或类似必要共同诉讼。只有坚持连带责任的普通共同诉讼定位，将必要共同诉讼限定在诉讼标的同一和既判力扩张的情形，并扩展“诉讼标的同一种类”的范畴，才能贯彻诉讼目的，保障当事人诉权，落实辩论原则和处分原则，并使当事人真正实现其民事权利。以民事诉讼基础理论作为分析框架对我国民事诉讼的立法、司法和理论进行反思与批判，同样是民事诉讼法学“法理化”的必经之路。否则，停留在注释和实证分析的民事诉讼法学终将枯竭其思想体系而退化为单纯的知识体系。
The basic theory is at the top level in the theoretical stratification of civil litigation, with three levels. Guided by the purpose and right of action at the first level, the principle of debate and the principle of disposition at the second level, and centered on the object of action and res judicata at the third level, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to re-examine the types of joint action of civil joint and several liability (the fourth level). The object of joint action of civil joint and several liability is not the same, and there is no expansion of res judicata, so it is not the inherent or similar necessary joint action. Only by adhering to the ordinary co-litigation orientation of joint and several liability, limiting the necessary joint action to the same object of action and the expansion of res judicata, and expanding the category of “the same type of object of action”, can the litigation aim be implemented, the litigant’s right of action be guaranteed, the principles of debate and disposition be implemented, and civil rights of the parties be truly realized. It is also the only way for the “jurisprudence” of civil procedure law to reflect and criticize the legislation, judicature and theory of civil procedure in our country with the basic theory as the analytical framework. Otherwise, the ideological system of civil procedural law, which stays on the annotation and empirical analysis, will eventually be exhausted and degenerated into a simple knowledge system.