实质真实主义：两种认知理论下的模式推演

作为大陆法系国家刑事诉讼法的根本原则之一，实质真实主义的意涵应当从目的和方式两个层面来解读。实质真实主义的历史脉络可以被划分为产生和发展两个阶段。在产生阶段，实质真实主义以追求绝对真实为目的，在方式上法官是唯一的司法主体，被告人是查明实质真实的工具，证据调查不受任何限制。在发展阶段，实质真实主义以追求“最大化真实”为目标，在方式上具有司法官二元化、审判程序纠问色彩逐渐淡化、被告人的地位主体化、真实查明途径多样化的特点。推动这一演变的哲学基础可以被总结为单向认知理论和双向认知理论，前者以“镜像式”符合论、科学理性主义和价值无涉为特征，后者表现为“匹配式”符合论、人文主义和价值关联。
As one of the most important principles of criminal procedure in continental law, the meaning of principle of substantive truth should be explained in the levels of intent and method separately. Its history can be divided into two phases, emergence and development. At the stage of emergence, it aimed at the pursuit of absolute truth, with the method that judge was the only judicial subject, the defendant was the tool to ascertain the truth, and the investigation of evidences was not subject to any restrictions. At the development stage, it aimed at pursuing “maximizing truth” with methodological characteristics: dualization of the judicial officers, gradual waning of inquisitorial trial procedure, subjective tendency of the defendant, and diversification of the fact finding. The philosophical basis for this evolution can be summarized as monological cognitive theory which includes the “mirror” correspondence theory, scientific rationalism and value-free, and dialogical cognitive theory which expressed as “match” correspondence theory, humanism and value relevance.