土地财产权的二维构造――一种从现实出发的理论解释方案

目前关于土地问题的讨论容易陷入土地公有还是私有这一对立框架的理论迷思当中。基于一种从现实出发的理论解释路径，土地公有制不是一个抽象的名词和固定不变的理论预设，而在中国土地实践的历史和现实语境当中呈现出开放性的理论空间。从一种对土地公有制的积极理解出发，可能会支持某种强意义上的个人土地财产权主张，从而使土地公有制和个人土地财产权并不对立。基于詹姆斯？塔利提出的关于包容性权利和排他性权利这一对概念所构造的分析框架，土地财产权不仅呈现出国家所有的“共有”维度，而且必须特定化为个人所有的“个体”维度。这一对土地财产权的二维解读，不仅深度契合当下中国现实的土地制度设置，也是对中国宪法动态发展中所蕴含的那种财产权观念的一种理论阐释。
The current discussion of land issues is easy to fall into the theoretical myth of the opposite frame of public ownership and private ownership. Based on a theoretical interpretation from the inside out, public land ownership may not simply be an abstract term and a fixed theoretical presupposition, but in the history and reality of Chinese land practice, it presents an open theoretical space in its meaning. From a more positive understanding of the public land ownership, it may support a personal land property rights in a strong sense, so the public land ownership and personal land property rights are not opposed to each other. Thus, based on James Tully’s analysis of the inclusive rights and exclusive rights, the land property rights not only show the “common” dimension of public-owned, but also must be specialized to the “individual”dimension of person-owned. This interpretation of the two-dimensional structure of land property rights not only fits in China’s real land system, but also is a sound interpretation on the concept of property rights of Chinese Constitution in the dynamic development.