正当防卫理论中的国家和个人

正当防卫是一项重要的刑事制度，更是刑事被告人的行为得以正当化或受到宽宥的重要理由。关于正当防卫的本质，目前西方存在着自主性理论、保护社会-法律秩序理论、权衡利益和选择较小危害理论三种代表性理论，以前苏联为代表的社会主义国家也曾经存在过一种类似西方的“保护社会-法律秩序理论”。但是，中国法学界一直没有自觉地和自主地提出一套适合中国的正当防卫理论，甚至没有把“正当防卫的本质”作为一个重要的问题给予充分关注。虽然有个别学者对外国理论做了零星的引介工作，但是仍然缺乏整体上的把握，更没有注意到正当防卫制度和相关理论背后所负载的特定意识形态及其国家想象。通过对西方和前苏联代表性正当防卫理论进行内在分析和比较分析，以期能为充满矛盾的、徘徊中的中国法律理论和实践提供某种反思和镜鉴。
Self-defense is an important criminal institution and animportant reason why the defendant’s behavior can be justified or excused. On the nature of justifiedself-defense, there are three classical theories, autonomy theory, protection of the social-legal order theory, and balancing interests and choosing the lesser evil theory, in Western countries.In the socialist countries represented by the former Soviet Union,the theory of the nature of self-defense is similar to protection of the social-legal order theory. But Chinese scholars have neither consciously constructed any theories of the nature of self-defense according to China, nor even cared it as an important question. Although some Chinese scholars introduce and invoke some of the foreign theories, they can’t grasp the theories as a whole. They have never been well aware of the specific ideology and state imagination loaded by the theories.The inconsistency among Chinese legal theories and practices of justified self-defense can be reflected seriously by comparing and analyzing the theories of Western countries and Soviet Russia.