表达权的语义学阐释：一个批判的视角

按照言语行为理论的在言行事观点，当构成在言噤音时，即意味着表达权受到限制。通过对广义噤音与狭义噤音、整体噤音与部分噤音、整体广义/狭义噤音与部分广义/狭义噤音的三重分析，可以发现，将在言噤音作为表达权的言语类型，会导致言者与听者关系过于“紧密”，最终使表达权滑向消极自由或积极自由而呈现出一种繁冗理论。对此，表达权的极简理论提供了解决方案，即通过“发意行为”和“发音通道”来解决此困难。然而，该理论过于强调程式化结构，使言者的言论与听者所在的共同体的情感、价值发生抵牾，同时也与人们的期待相去甚远。事实上，就目标而言，表达权的极简理论是为了达致一种至善生活，但极简理论蕴含的多元价值所产生的冲突无法借助价值共量的方法得以化解，而需诉诸德性公民内在的道德与能力制约。
According to Speech Act Theory, while comprising illocutionary silencing, the right to expression can be limited. Through the three-fold progressive analysis of broad/narrow silencing, whole/part silencing, and whole/part broad silencing/narrow silencing, taking illocutionary silencing as the verbal type of the right to expression will give rise to a“tight”relationship between the speaker and the listener and eventually make the right to expression slip into negative freedom or to positive freedom of speech, which manifests a burdensome theory. In view of this, the minimal theory of the right to expression provides a solution to overcome the difficulties by means of “expressive act”and“vocal tract”. However, as emphasizing too much on the procedural structure, minimal theory results in a contradiction between the speech of speaker and the emotions as well as values of the community in which the listener lives, and it is far from what people expect at the same time. As a matter of fact, the minimal theory of the right to expression, in the light of its objective, is to achieve perfectionism. However, the conflicts arising from the pluralistic values contained in the minimal theory cannot be resolved through the method of common value, but need to resort to the inherent moral and capacity constraints of virtue citizen.