Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infections have been a major public health problem. HIV patients with HBV
and HCV infection are at high risk of liver diseases which is associated with
increased mortality. This study aims at determining the prevalence of hepatitis
B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies and HBV antibodies (anti-HBsAg) among
HIV seropositive adults attending care and treatment clinic at Sengerema
district hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. A cross-sectional hospital based study
was conducted between February and March 2017 among 243 HIV adult patients at
Sengerema designated district hospital, Mwanza, Tanzania. Socio-demographic and
other relevant information were collected using pre-tested questionnaires.
Detection of HBsAg and HCV antibodies was done by commercial rapid
immunochromatographic test while the detection of anti-HBsAg was done using
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed by using STATA version 13.The
median age of the study participants was 43, interquartile range (IQR): 37-51
years. The majority 172(70.8)
of study participants were female and the majority (88%) of participants had
CD4 count of greater than 200 counts/μl. The
prevalence of HBsAg, HCV antibodies and anti-HBsAg were 26/243 (10.7%, 95%
confidence interval [CI]:7-14), 20/243 (8.2%, 95% CI:4.7-11.6)
and (100/243) 41.2%, 95% CI:35
References
[1]
Mohammadi, M., et al. (2009) Survey of Both Hepatitis B Virus (HBsAg) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV-Ab) Coinfection among HIV Positive Patients. Virology Journal, 6, 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-6-202
[2]
Burnett, R.J. (2008) Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection: Impact on Transmission and Natural History of Disease. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection, 23, 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2008.11441295
[3]
Hvitmyhr, C. and Otterstrøm, N. (2013) Hepatitis B Co-Infection among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Rural Tanzania. Dissertation, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo.
[4]
Burnett, R., et al. (2005) Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Call for Further Investigation. Liver international, 25, 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01054.x
[5]
WHO (2009) Hepatitis C. Fact Sheet No. 164.
[6]
Madhava, V., Burgess, C. and Drucker, E. (2002) Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2, 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00264-5
[7]
Zaltron, S., et al. (2012) Chronic HCV Infection: Epidemiological and Clinical Relevance. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12, S2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-S2-S2
[8]
Rodriguez-Mendez, M., et al. (2000) Prevalence, Patterns, and Course of Past Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Intravenous Drug Users with HIV-1 Infection. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, 1316-1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01981.x
[9]
Kashala, O., et al. (1994) Hepatitis B Virus Activation among Central Africans Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1: Pre-s2 Antigen Is Predominantly Expressed in HIV Infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 169, 628-632. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/169.3.628
[10]
Kallestrup, P., et al. (2003) Low Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies in HIV-Endemic Area of Zimbabwe Support Sexual Transmission as the Major Route of HIV Transmission in Africa. AIDS, 17, 1400-1402. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200306130-00019
[11]
Adewole, O.O., et al. (2009) Hepatitis B and C Virus Co-Infection in Nigerian Patients with HIV Infection. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 369-375. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.245
[12]
Nagu, T.J., Bakari, M. and Matee, M. (2008) Hepatitis A, B and C Viral Co-Infections among HIV-Infected Adults Presenting for Care and Treatment at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 8, 416. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-416
[13]
Imoru, M., Eke, C. and Adegoke, A. (2003) Prevalence of Hepatitis-B Surface Antigen (HbsAg), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Blood Donors in Kano State, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 12, 59-63.
[14]
Koziel, M.J. and Peters, M.G. (2007) Viral Hepatitis in HIV Infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1445-1454. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra065142
[15]
Shapatava, E., et al. (2006) Risk Behaviors and HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C Seroprevalence among Injection Drug Users in Georgia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, S35-S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(06)80006-2
[16]
Phoon, W.-O., Fong, N.-P. and Lee, J. (1988) History of Blood Transfusion, Tattooing, Acupuncture and Risk of Hepatitis B Surface Antigenaemia among Chinese men in Singapore. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 958-960. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.78.8.958
[17]
Mirambo, M.M., et al. (2015) Treponema Pallidum and Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection among HIV Infected Patients in Mwanza City. East African Journal of Public Health, 12, 997-1000.
[18]
Sungkanuparph, S., et al. (2004) Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Thai Patients: A Tertiary-Care-Based Study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 87, 1349-1354.
[19]
Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Razaghi, E.M., Sahimi-Izadian, E. and Amin-Esmaeili, M. (2010) HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infections among Injecting Drug Users in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, e28-e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.002
[20]
Zhang, F., et al. (2014) HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection in Patients in the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program, 2010-12: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 14, 1065-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70946-6
[21]
Lesi, O., Kehinde, M., Oguh, D.N. and Amira, O. (2007) Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection in Nigerian Patients with HIV/AIDS. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 14, 129-133.
[22]
Agwale, S.M., et al. (2004) Prevalence of HCV Coinfection in HIV-Infected Individuals in Nigeria and Characterization of HCV Genotypes. Journal of Clinical Virology, 31, 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.09.001
[23]
Otegbayo, J.A., et al. (2008) Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Seropositivity in a Nigerian Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients. Annals of Hepatology, 7, 152-156.
[24]
Walusansa, V. and Kagimu, M. (2009) Screening for Hepatitis C among HIV Positive Patients at Mulago Hospital in Uganda. African Health Sciences, 9, 143-146.
[25]
Nagu, T.J., Bakari, M. and Matee, M. (2008) Hepatitis A, B and C Viral Co-Infections among HIV-Infected Adults Presenting for Care and Treatment at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 8, 416. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-416
[26]
Telatela, S.P., Matee, M.I. and Munubhi, E.K. (2007) Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viral Co-Infections among Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attending the Paediatric HIV Care and Treatment Center at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 7, 338. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-338
[27]
Chung, R. (2004) Management of HIV/HCV Coinfection. The PRN Notebook, 9, 14-19.
[28]
Larsen, C., et al. (2008) Prevalence of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Infection in the HIV-Infected Population of France, 2004. Eurosurveillance, 13, 109-112.
