Adolescence constitutes a stage of changes and strong social pressures among peers, to adjust to a standard of beauty in which the perception of body image is of great relevance in comprehensive health behaviors as well as a risk factor for eating disorders. Regarding problem that is our interest to know (Body Image), we use a gender focuses, as the transversal analytical axis of the study, as well as the study of a region with a strong presence of Maya-speakers. Methodology: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional study conducted on 1432 high school students in the eastern part of the state of Yucatan, using a self-administered questionnaire (BSQ and SFS scales), with the prior informed consent of parents and participants. Results: It was obtained that 66.5% of the students are satisfied with their body image, and 32.7% are dissatisfied. It was obtained by means of the Kappa index that the perceptions of the body image of the studied students vs the desired body image have a moderate concordance. Significant differences on mean on dissatisfaction with their image were found between men and women p ≤ 0.001. Conclusions: In the area studied it is shown that gender constitutes a risk factor in which the condition of being the social pressure to adjust to beauty models, impacts regardless of the rural, urban or local culture, in this case of the Mayan zone.
References
[1]
Baile, A.J., Guillén, G.F., & Garrido, L.E. (2002). Insatisfacción corporal en adolescentes medida con el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ): Efecto del anonimato, el sexo y la edad. International Journal of Clinical and HealthPsychology, 2, 439-450.
[2]
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Male Domination. Barcelana: Anagram.
[3]
Casas, J., & Ceñal, J. (2005). Adolescent Development. Physical, Psychological and Social Aspects. Comprehensive Pediatrics, 9, 20-24. http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/puericultura/desarrollo_adolescente(2).pdf
[4]
Coleman, J., & Hendry, L. (2003). Psychology of Adolescence. Madrid: Morata.
[5]
CONBIOETICA (2013). Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación para la Salud. http://www.conbioetica-mexico.salud.gob.mx/descargas/pdf/normatividad/ normatinacional/10._NAL._Reglamento_de_Investigacion.pdf
[6]
Cooper, P., Taylor, M., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. (1987). The Development and Validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of eating Disorders, 6, 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4<485::AID-EAT2260060405>3.0.CO;2-O
[7]
Cruz, S., & Maganto, C. (2002). Body Dissatisfaction as an Explanatory Variable of Eating Disorders. Revista de Psicología, 20, 198-223.
[8]
Díaz-Soloaga, P., Múñiz, C., & Cáceres Zapatero, D. (2009). Consumo de revistas de moda y efectos en la autopercepción del cuerpo de mujeres: Un estudio comparado entre España y México desde la tercera persona. Comunicación y Sociedad, 22, 221-242.
[9]
Espina, A., Ortego, M. A., Ochoa de Alda, I., German, A., & Juaniz, M. (2001). Body Image and Eating Disorders in Basque Country Students: A Pilot study. Clinic and Health, 12, 217-235.
[10]
Figueroa-Rodríguez, A., García-Rocha, O., Revilla-Reyes, A., Villarreal-Caballero, L., & Unikel-Santoncini, C. (2010). Modelo estético corporal, insatisfacción con la figura y conductas alimentarias de riesgo en adolescentes. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 48, 31-38.
[11]
García, N. (2004). Eating Disorders in Adolescents of Both Sexes with and without Diabetes Mellitus Type I. Doctoral Thesis, Barcelona: Autonomous University of Barcelona.
[12]
Goldenberg, M. (2011). Gênero, “o corpo” e “imitação prestigiosa” na cultura brasileira [Gender, “the Body” and “Prestigious Imitation” in the Brazilian Culture]. Saúde e Sociedade, São Paulo, 20, 543-553. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902011000300002
[13]
Guadarrama, R., Hernandez-Navor, J., & Veytia-Lopez, M. (2018). How I Perceive Myself and How I Would Like to Be: A Study on Body Image of Mexican Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology with Children and Adolescents, 5, 37-43.
[14]
Harter, S. (1990). Self and Identity Development. In S. S. Feldman and G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the Threshold: The Developing Adolescent (pp. 352-387). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
[15]
Horrocks, J. (1999). Adolescent Psychology (p. 128). Editorial Trillas.
[16]
Jiménez-Cruz, B. E., & Silva-Gutiérrez, C. (2010). Riesgo para trastorno alimentario, ansiedad, depresión y otras emociones asociadas a la exposición de imágenes publicitarias. Anales de Psicología, 26, 11-17.
[17]
Landis, J., & Koch, G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometric, 33, 159-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
[18]
Leiderman, E., & Triskier, F. (2004). Attitudes, Eating Behavior Obsessive-Compulsive Traits in Adolescents in the City of Buenos Aires. Vertex: Argentine Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 175-179.
[19]
Martínez, D., & Veiga, O. (2007). Insatisfacción Corporal en Adolescentes: Relaciones con la Actividad Física e índice de Masa Corporal. Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 7, 253-265.
[20]
Martínez-Aguilar, Ma. de la Luz, Flores-Peña, Y., Rizo-Baeza, Ma. de las M., Aguilar-Hernández, R. Ma., Vázquez-Galindo, L., & Gutiérres-Sánchez, G. (2010). Percepciones de la obesidad de adolescentes obesos estudiantes del 7 al 9 grado residentes en Tamaulipas, México. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 18, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692010000100008
[21]
Meza, C., & Pompa, E. (2013). Dissatisfaction with the Body Image in Adolescents of Monterrey. Daena: International Journal of Good Conscience, 8, 32-43.
[22]
Míguez, M., De la Montaña, J., González, J., & González, M. (2011). Concordance between Self-Perception of Body Image and Nutritional Status in University Students in Orense. Hospital Nutrition, 26, 472-479. http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v26n3/07_original_03.pdf
[23]
Muñoz, A. (2014). The Corporal Image in the Society of the XXI Century. Thesis, Barcelona: International University of Catalonia. https://www.recercat.cat/bitstream/handle/2072/24279 4/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Mu%C3%B1oz_L%C3%B3pez.pdf
[24]
Murawski, B., Elizathe, L., & Rutsztein, G. (2009). Eating Habits and Dissatisfaction with Body Image. A Comparative Study between Women and Men Students of Secondary Schools. Research Yearbook of the Faculty of Psychology, 16, 65-72.
[25]
Nieto, F. (2013). Approach to a Mediated Adolescence. Adolescence and Postmodernity: Malestares, Vacillations and Objectives. Mexico: Fontamara.
[26]
Ortega Becerra, M. A. et al. (2013). La percepción e insatisfacción corporal en el alumnado de Educación Secundaria de la ciudad de Jaén. Revista de Investigación en Educación, 11, 123-139. http://reined.webs.uvigo.es/index.php/reined/article/view/179
[27]
Otto, M. W., Wilhelm, S., Cohen, L. S., & Harlow, B. L. (2001). Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in a Simple Community of Women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2061-2063. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2061
[28]
Papalia, D. et al. (2001). Development Psychology (pp. 280-281). Colombia: Editorial McGraw Hill.
[29]
Raich, R. (2001). Body Image Knowing and Assessing One’s Own Body (pp. 24-25). Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide.
[30]
Raich, R. (2004). A Perspective from the Psychology of the Health of the Corporal Image. Advances in Latin American Psychology, 22, 15-27.
[31]
Ramos, P., Brooks, F., Garcia, I., Rivera, F., & Moreno, C. (2013). Eating Habits and Physical Activity in Dieter and Non-Dieter Youth: A Gender Analysis of English and Spanish Adolescents. The Social Science Journal, 50, 575-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.09.017
[32]
Ramos, P., Rivera, F., & Moreno, C. (2012). Key Variables in the Development of Eating Disorders during Adolescence: Implications for Sex Differences. In I. Jauregui (Ed.), Relevant Topics in Eating Disorders (pp. 31-44). Rijeka: InTech. https://www.intechopen.com/books/relevant-topics-in-eating-disorders/key-variables- in-the-development-of-eating-disorders-during-the
[33]
Ramos, P., Rivera, F., Soledad, R., Lara, L., & Moreno, C. (2016). Gender Differences in Body Image and Its Relevance in Body Weight Control. Psychology Writings, 9, 42-50. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2015.1409
[34]
Rocha (2009). Development of Gender Identity from a Psycho-Socio-Cultural Perspective: A Conceptual Journey. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 43, 250-259.
[35]
Rodríguez, C. (2012). Self-Esteem in Adolescence: Analysis and Intervention Strategies. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 12, 389-403. http://www.ijpsy.com/volumen12/num3/337/self-esteem-en-la-adolescencia-analisis-ES.pdf
[36]
Rodríguez, S., & Cruz, S. (2006). Body Image Evaluation in Latin American Women Living in Guipúzcoa. An Exploratory Study Annals of Psychology, 22, 186-199. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/39302177_Evaluacion_de_la_imagen_corporal_en_ mujeres_latinoamericanas_residentes_en_Guipuzcoa_Un_studio_exploratorio
[37]
Rosas, M., Delgado, P., Cea, F., Hormazabal, M., Alvarez, R., & Quezada, K. (2015). Comparison of Risks in Eating Behavior Disorder and Body Image among Mapuche and Non-Mapuche Students. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 32, 2926-2931.
[38]
Salaberria, K., Rodríguez, S., & Cruz, S. (2007). Perception of Body Image. Osasunaz, 8, 171-183.
[39]
Salazar, Z. (2008). Adolescence and Body Image in the Age of Thinness, Reflections. Reflexiones, 87, 67-80. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/729/72912555004.pdf
[40]
Soto, A., Cáceres, K., Faure, M., Gásquez, M., & Marengo, L. (2013). Body Dissatisfaction, Thinness Search and Excess Malnutrition, a Correlational Descriptive Study in a Population of Students from 13 to 16 Years of Age in the City of Valparaíso. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 40, 10-15.
[41]
Thompson, J., & Gray, J. (1995). Development and Validation of a New Body-Image Assessment Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 258-269. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_6
[42]
Treasure, J., & Schmidt, U. (1995). The Cognitive-Interpersonal Maintenance Model of Anorexia Nervosa Revisited: A Summary of the Evidence for Cognitive, Socio-Emotional and Interpersonal Predisposing and Perpetuating Factors. Journal of Eating Disorders, 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-13
[43]
Trejo, P., Castro, D., Facio, A., Mollinedo, F., & Valdez, G. (2010). Dissatisfaction with the Body Image Associated with the Body Mass Index in Adolescents. Revista Cubana de Enfermerìa, 26, 144-154. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/enf/v26n3/enf07310.pdf
Urzúa, A., Castro, S., Lillo, A., & Leal, C. (2009). Evaluation of Eating Disorders, Psychometric Properties of the EDI 2 Test in School-Aged Adolescents from 13 to 18 Years Old. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 36, 1063-1073.
[46]
Valverde, P., Rivera, F., & Moreno, C. (2013). Sex Differences in Body Image, Weight Control and Body Mass Index in Spanish Adolescents. Psicothema, 22, 77-83.
[47]
Vaquero, R., Alacid, F., Muyor, J. M., & Lopez, P. (2013). Body Image; Bibliographic Review. Hospital Nutrition, 28, 27-35.
[48]
Vázquez, R., Galan, Y., Lopez, X., Alvarez, G., Mancilla, J., Caballero, A. et al. (2011). Validity of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) in Mexican Women. Rev Mex Eating Disorders, 2, 42-52.
[49]
Vázquez, R., López, X., álvarez, G., Franco, K., & Mancilla, J. (2004). Presence of Eating Disorders in Mexican Men and Women: Some Associated Factors. Behavioral Psychology, 12, 415-427. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Karina_Franco-Paredes/publication/267699093
[50]
Zagalaz, M., Romero, S., & Contreras, O. (2014). Anerexia Nervosa as a Distortion of Body Image. Program of Prevention from School Physical Education in the Province of Jaén. Iberoamerican Journal of Education, 1-22. http://rieoei.org/deloslectores/343Zagalaz.pdf
