The
friction of road surface covered by snow or ice is very low and that results in
reducing vehicle traction forces and potential traffic accidents. In general,
to establish a master curve on a rubber-ice friction model is difficult because
the ice surface, being not far removed from its melting point, reacts itself
very sen-sitively to pressure, speed, and temperature changes. In this paper,
an accepta-ble frictional interaction model was implemented to finite element
method to rationally examine the frictional interaction behavior on ice between
the tire and the road surface. The formula of friction characteristic according
to tem-perature and sliding velocity on the ice surface was applied for tire
traction analysis. Numerical results were verified by comparing the outdoor
test data and it was confirmed to indicate similar correlation. It is found
that the rub-ber-ice friction model will be useful for the improvement of the
ice traction performance of tire.
References
[1]
Schallamach, A. (1968) Recent Advances in Knowledge of Rubber Friction and Tire Wear. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 41, 209-244.
https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3539171
[2]
Grosch, K. (2004) Correlation between Road Wear of Tires and Computer Road Wear Simulation Using Laboratory Abrasion Data. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 77, 791-814. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547852
[3]
Shimizu, K. and Ikeya, C. (1989) Indoor Test of Ice and Snow Tires on Iced Drum- Development of Tester and Characteristics of Coated Ice for Test. SAE Technical Paper 890004, 47-52. https://doi.org/10.4271/890004
[4]
Shimizu, K., Nihei, M. and Doremieux, F. (1992) Effect of Texture of Iced Road Surface on Characteristics of Tires. SAE Technical Paper 920018, 116-119.
[5]
Skouvaklis, G., Blackford, J. and Koutsos, V. (2012) Friction of Rubber on Ice: A New Machine, Influence of Rubber Properties and Sliding Parameters. Tribology International, 49, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.12.015
[6]
Eddie, R. (1994) Ice, ABS and Temperature. Journal of Passenger Cars, 103, 917-922. https://doi.org/10.4271/940724
[7]
Shoop, S.A. (1995) Vehicle Bearing Capacity of Frozen Ground over a Soft Substrate. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32, 552-556. https://doi.org/10.1139/t95-057
[8]
Parker, M.W., Shoop, S.A. and Coutermarsh, B.A. (2009) Verification and Validation of a Winter Driving Simulator. Journal of Terramechanics, 46, 127-139.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2009.05.002
[9]
Shoop, S.A. and Coutermarsh, B.A. (2009) Tire Slip-Angle Force Measurements on Winter Surfaces. Journal of Terramechanics, 46, 157-163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2008.08.002
[10]
Zhang, Y.C., Gao, J.W. and Li, Q. (2018) Experimental Study on Friction Coefficients between Tiretread Rubber and Ice. AIP Advances, 8, 1-9.
[11]
Roberts, A.D. (1981) Rubber-Ice Adhesion and Friction. The Journal of Adhesion, 13, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218468108073176
[12]
Macnabb, M., Baerg, R., Sanderson, S. and Chafe, B. (1996) Tire/Ice Friction Values. SAE Technical Paper 960959, 3-11.
[13]
Navin, F., Macnabb, M. and Nicolletti, C. (1996) Vehicle Traction Experiments on Snow and Ice. SAE Transactions, 105, 702-713.
[14]
Hunter, J. (1993) Reconstructing Collisions Involving Ice and Slippery Surfaces. SAE Transactions, 102, 1425-1436. https://doi.org/10.4271/930896
[15]
Giessler, M., Gauterin, F., Wiese, K. and Wies, B. (2010) Influences of Friction Heat on Tire Traction on Ice and Snow. Tire Science and Technology, 38, 4-23.
https://doi.org/10.2346/1.3298679
[16]
Bhoopalam, A.K. and Sandu, C. (2015) Experimental Investigation of Pneumatic Tire Performance on Ice: Part 1 Indoor Study, Part 2 Outdoor Study. Journal of Terramechanics, 60, 43-62.
[17]
Peng, X.D., Guo, K.H. and Xie, Y.B. (2003) Advances in Study on Traction Behavior of Automotive Tire on Icy and Snowy Highways. Tribology, 23, 451-456.
[18]
Grosch, K.A. (2007) Rubber Friction and Its Relation to Tire Traction. Rubber and Chemistry and Technology, 80, 379-411. https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3548172
[19]
ASTM-1572 (2005) Test Methods for Tire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces.
[20]
ASTM-1805 (2000) Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in a Straight Line on Snow and Ice-Covered Surfaces.
[21]
SAE-J1466 (2001) Passenger Car and Light Truck Tire Dynamic Driving Traction in Snow.
