This
essay surveys general and topical literature to
place the NATO campaign against Gaddafi in a historical context. The history of
war as a legal idea is examined, along with the practical limitations to
applying “international law” as currently espoused. The essay finds both
serious practical and philosophical shortcomings inherent in modern approaches
and advocates the development of a new jus
cogensbased on the Right to be
Protected (R2BP) to address these flaws. If successfully implemented, the R2BP
would represent a fundamental shift in sovereignty away from States and towards
citizens, albeit vested in a professionalized United Nations office.
References
[1]
Arajarvi, N. (2011). The Lines Begin to Blur? Opinio Juris and the Moralisation of Customary International Law. http://www.academia.edu/544738/The_Lines_Begin_to_Blur_Opinio_Juris_and_the_Moralisation_of_ Customary_International_Law
[2]
Baker, R. B. (2010). Customary International Law in the 21st Century: Old Challenges and New Debates. European Journal of International Law, 21, 173-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq015
[3]
Bassiouni, M. C. (1983). The Penal Characteristics of Conventional International Criminal Law. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 15, 27-37.
[4]
Bassiouni, M. C. (1996). International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/1192190
[5]
D’Amato, A. (2010). Human Rights as Part of Customary International Law: A Plea for Change of Paradigms. Faculty Working Papers, 88, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1689195
[6]
Drumbl, M. A. (2008). A Hard Look at the Soft Theory of International Criminal Law. In L. N. Sadat, & M. P. Scharf (Eds.), The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law: Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni (pp. 1-18). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004166318.i-448.6
[7]
Evans, G., & Sahnoun, M. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
[8]
Gagro, S. F. (2014). The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Doctrine. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 61-77.
[9]
Gulgec, Y. B. (2017). The Problem of Jus Cogens from a Theoretical Perspective. Ankara Uni Hukuk Fak. Dergisi, 66, 73-116.
[10]
Human Rights Center (2007). The Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Moving the Campaign Forward. https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/The-Responsibility-to-Protect-R2P- October-2007.pdf
[11]
Intoccia, G. F. (1987). American Bombing of Libya: An International Legal Analysis. The Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 19, 177-213.
[12]
Mohochi, S. M. (2010). Jurisdiction of the ICC; The Realpolitik by State Parties to the Rome Statute and United Nations Security Council in its Efficaciousness. LLM Thesis, Ulster: University of Ulster.
[13]
Posner, E. A. (2011) Outside the Law: From Flawed Beginning to Bloody End, the NATO Intervention in Libya Made a Mockery of International Law. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/25/outside-the-law/
[14]
Sadat, L. N. (2008). The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law. In L. N. Sadat, & M. P. Scharf (Eds.), The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law: Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni (pp. 309-324). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004166318.i-448.45
[15]
Stark et al. (2011). The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities in Light of the Libyan Intervention. New York: e-International Relations. http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/190-crisis-in-libya/3747-e-international-relations-the- responsibility-to-protect-challenges-a-opportunities-in-light-of-the-libyan-intervention
[16]
Tunkin, G. (1993). Is General International Law Customary Law Only? European Journal of International Law, 4, 534-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035843
