Rice plant and soil are playing vital role for produce of methane (CH4) emission from flooded rice soil. Contribution of rice plants and cover crop biomass amended soil on methane emission has not been yet studied under different cover crop biomass incorporated in paddy fields. Closed-chamber method was used to estimate CH4 emission rates during rice cultivation under soil plus rice plants and soil alone condition. Soil plus rice plants chambers 62 × 62 × 112 cm3 and soil alone chambers 20 × 20 cm2 were placed at the same time during rice cultivation (0 days after rice transplanting). Therefore, to evaluate the contribution of soil plus rice plants and soil alone on methane (CH4) emission under different rates of cover crop biomass incorporated soil during rice cultivation. Methane emission from soil plus rice plants increased up to 53 days after transplanting (DAT) and then it’s decreased and continued till harvesting. It was found that ca. 47% - 52% CH4 was mediated by rice plants and ca. 48% - 53% through rice soil alone under 12 Mg·ha-1 cover crop biomass incorporated treated plots. Whereas, only ca. 9% - 10% CH4 emission was mediated by rice plants and ca. 90% - 91% by rice soil alone when 0 and 3 Mg·ha-1 cover crop biomass was incorporated. Therefore, it could be concluded that rice soil alone was more influenced for CH4 emission than rice plants in paddy fields.
References
[1]
IPCC Climate Change (2007) The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 996.
[2]
Le Mer, J. and Roger, P. (2001) Production, Oxidation, Emission and Consumption of Methane by Soils: A Review. European Journal of Soil Biology, 37, 25-50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01067-6
[3]
Chen, Y.H. and Prinn, R.G. (2006) Estimation of Atmospheric Methane Emissions between 1996 and 2001 Using a Three-Dimensional Global Chemical Transport Model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, 1-25.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006058
[4]
Dalal, R.C., Allen, D.E., livesley, S.J. and Richards, G. (2008) Magnitude and Biophysical Regulators of Methane Emission and Consumption in the Australian Agricultural, Forest, and Submerged Land Scape: A Review. Plant and Soil, 309, 43-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9446-7
[5]
Minamikawa, K. and Sakai, N. (2006) The Practical Use of Water Management Based on Soil Redox Potential for Decreasing Methane Emission from a Paddy Field in Japan. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 116, 181-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.02.006
[6]
Chang, T. (1984) Conservation of Rice Genetic Resources: Luxury or Necessity? Science, 224, 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.224.4646.251
[7]
Schütz, H., Schroede, R.P. and Rennenberg, H. (1991) Role of Plants in Regulating the Methane Flux to the Atmosphere. In: Sharkey, T.D., Holland, E.A., Mooney, H.A., Eds., Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, Academic Press, San Diego, 29-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-639010-0.50007-8
[8]
Jeon, W.T., Bongsu, C., Abd EL-Azeem, S.A.M. and Yong, S.O. (2011) Effect of Different Seeding Methods on Green Manure Biomass, Soil Properties and Rice Yield in Rice Based Cropping Systems. African Journal of Biotechnoogy, 10, 2024-2031.
[9]
RDA (Rural Development Administration) (1999) Fertilization Standard of Crop Plants. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, 148.
[10]
Rolston, D.E. (1986) Gas Flux. In: Klute, A., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, 2nd Edition, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 1103-1119.
[11]
Haque, M.M., Kim, S.Y., Pramanik, P., Kim, G.Y. and Kim, P.J. (2013) Optimum Application Level of Winter Cover Crop Biomass as Green Manure under Considering Methane Emission and Rice Productivity in Paddy Soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 49, 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-012-0766-2
[12]
Lou, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, T. and Liang, Y. (2004) CO2 Emissions from Subtropical Arable Soils of China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 36, 1835-1842.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.05.006
[13]
Xiao, Y., Xie, G., Lu, G., Ding, X. and Lu, Y. (2005) The Value of gas Exchange as a Service by Rice Paddies in Suburban Shanghai, PR China. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 109, 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.03.016
[14]
Iqbal, J., Ronggui, H., Lijun, D., Lan, L., Shan, L., Tao, C. and Leilei, R. (2008) Differences in Soil CO2 Flux between Different Land Use Types in Mid-Subtropical China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40, 2324-2333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.010
[15]
Ghani, A., Dexter, M. and Perrott, K. (2003) Hot-Water Extractable Carbon in Soils: A Sensitive Measurement for Determining Impacts of Fertilization, Grazing and Cultivation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 35, 1231-1243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00186-X
[16]
Luton, P.E., Wayne, J.M., Sharp, R.J. and Riley, P.W. (2002) The mcrA Gene as an Alternative to 16S rRNA in the Phylogenetic Analysis of Methanogen Populations in Landfill. Microbiology, 148, 3521-3530.
https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-148-11-3521
[17]
Ufnar, J.A., Ufnar, D.F., Wang, S.Y. and Ellender, R.D. (2007) Development of a Swine-Specific Fecal Pollution Marker Based on Host Differences in Methanogen mcrA Genes. Applied Environment Microbiology, 73, 5209-5217.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00319-07
[18]
SAS Institute (1995) System for Windows Release 6.11. SAS Institute, Cary.
[19]
Mariko, S., Harazano, Y., Owa, N. and Nouchi, I. (1991) Methane in Flooded Soil Water and the Emission through Rice Plants to Atmosphere. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 31, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(91)90059-W
[20]
Inubushi, K., Muramatsu, Y. and Umebayashi, M. (1992) Influence of Percolation on Methane Emission from Flooded Paddy Soil. Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 63, 184-189.
[21]
Kimura, M. (1997) Sources of Methane Emitted from Paddy Fields. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosysts, 49, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009790920271
[22]
Lu, Y.H., Wassmann, R., Neue, H.U. and Huang, C.Y. (2000) Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Methane Emissions in a Flooded Rice Soil. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 6, 2011-2017.
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6462011x
[23]
Cai, Z.C. (1997) A Category for Estimate of CH4 Emission from Rice Paddy Fields in China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosysts, 49, 171-179.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009729800707
[24]
Xu, H., Cai, Z.C., Jia, Z.J. and Tsuruta, H. (2000) Effect of Land Management in Winter Crop Season on CH4 Emission during the Following Flooded and Rice Growing Period. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosysts, 58, 12-18.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009823425806
[25]
Nayak, D.R., Babu, Y.J. and Adhya, T.K. (2007) Long-Term Application of Compost Influences Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Tropical Aeric Endoaquept Planted to Rice under Flooded Condition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 39, 1897-1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.02.003
[26]
Gilbert, B. and Frenzel, P. (1998) Rice Roots and CH4 Oxidation: The Activity of Bacteria, Their Distribution and the Micro Environment. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 30, 1903-1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00061-3
[27]
Atulba, S.L., Gutierrez, J., Kim, G.W., Kim, S.Y., Khan, M.I., Lee, Y.B. and Kim, P.J. (2015) Evaluation of Rice Root Oxidizing Potential Using Digital Image Analysis. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 58, 463-471.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-015-0042-x
[28]
Bodelier, P.L.E., Roslev, P., Henckel, T. and Frenzel, P. (2000) Stimulation by Ammonium-Based Fertilizers of Methane Oxidation in Soil around Rice Roots. Nature, 403, 421-424. https://doi.org/10.1038/35000193
[29]
Henckel, T., Roslev, P. and Conrad, R. (2000) Effects of O2 and CH4 on Presence and Activity of the Indigenous Methanotrophic Community in Rice Field Soil. Environmental Microbiology, 2, 666-679.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00149.x
[30]
Macalady, J.L., McMillan, A.M.S., Dickens, A.F., Tyler, S.C. and Scow, K.M. (2002) Population Dynamics of Type I and II Methanotrophic Bacteria in Rice Soils. Environmental Microbiology, 4, 148-157.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00278.x
[31]
Mohanty, S.R., Bodelier, P.L.E., Floris, V. and Conrad, R. (2006) Differential Effects of Nitrogenous Fertilizers on Methane-Consuming Microbes in Rice Field and Forest Soils. Applied Environment Microbiology, 72, 1346-1354.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.2.1346-1354.2006
[32]
Haque, M.M., Kim, S.Y., Kim, G.W. and Kim, P.J. (2015) Optimization of Removal and Recycling Ratio of Cover Crop Biomass Using Carbon Balance to Sustain Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Mono-Rice Paddy System. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 207, 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.022
