全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Enclosing the Air Gap from Formalin Delivery Tubing to Vertical-Flow Fish Egg Incubators Does Not Decrease Aerosolized Formaldehyde Levels

DOI: 10.4236/ojsst.2018.83006, PP. 98-105

Keywords: Formalin, Formaldehyde, Incubation, Fish Eggs, Occupational Health

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Formalin treatments are frequently used to control water molds during hatchery incubation of salmonid eggs, creating potential occupational safety and health issues. This investigation evaluated the use of a novel technique to enclose the air gap from formalin treatment tubes to 16-tray vertical-flow incubation stacks. Standard formalin treatments of 1667 mg/L for 15-minutes were administered to one, three, or five stacks, both with, and without air gap enclosures. Enclosing the air gap did not significantly reduce aerosolized formaldehyde levels. Even during the treatment of five incubation stacks when formalin amounts were the greatest, mean (SE) peak airborne formaldehyde levels were 1.6 (0.2) mg/L and 1.5 (0.2)mg/L, either with or without air gap enclosure,respectively. The failure of air gap enclosure indicates other techniques are required to decrease aerosolized formaldehyde during formalin treatments of fish eggs in vertical-flow incubators.

References

[1]  Piper, R.G., McElwain, I.B., Orme, L.E., McCraren, J.P., Fowler, L.G. and Leonard, J.R. (1982) Fish Hatchery Management. 4th Printing, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
[2]  OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) (2011) OSHA Fact Sheet. United States Department of Labor.
https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/formaldehyde-factsheet.pdf
[3]  NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) (2016) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Formaldehyde. Centers for Disease Control.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0293.html
[4]  IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2011) Formaldehyde. World Health Organization.
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-29.pdf
[5]  ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2015) Formaldehyde-ToxFAQs. Department of Health and Human Services.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts111.pdf
[6]  New Jersey Department of Health (2016) Right to Know: Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Formaldehyde.
http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0946.pdf
[7]  National Toxicology Program (2016) 14th Report on Carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/index-1.html#toc1
[8]  FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) (2018) Approved Aquaculture Drugs. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/Aquaculture/ ucm132954.htm
[9]  Barnes, M.E., Cordes, R.J. and Sayler, W.A. (1997) Use of Formalin During Incubation of Eyed Eggs of Inland Fall Chinook Salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 59, 303-306.
https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0303:UOFDIO>2.3.CO;2
[10]  Stickney, R.R. (1994) Principles of Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[11]  Voorhees, J.M. and Barnes, M.E. (2016) Airborne Formaldehyde Levels During Simulated Formalin Egg Treatments in Vertical-Flow Tray Incubators at a Production Fish Hatchery. Journal of Agriculture Safety and Health, 22, 199-207.
https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.22.11791
[12]  Kennedy, E.R. and Hull, R.D. (1986) Evaluation of the Du Pont Pro-Tek Formaldehyde Badge and the 3M Formaldehyde Monitor. American Industrial Hygiene and Association Journal, 47, 94-105.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298668691389414
[13]  Obee, T.N. and Brown, R.T. (1995) TiO2 Photocatalysis for Indoor Air Applications: Effects of Humidity and Trace Contaminant Levels on the Oxidation Rates of Formaldehyde, Toluene, and 1,3-Butadiene. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 1223-1231.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a013
[14]  Nazaroff, W.W. and Cass, G.R. (1989) Mathematical Modeling of Indoor Aerosol Dynamics. Environmental Science and Technology, 23, 157-166.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es00179a003
[15]  Barnes, M.E. and Soupir, C.A. (2006) Evaluation of Formalin and Hydrogen-Peroxide Treatment Regimes on Rainbow Trout Eyed Eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69, 5-10.
https://doi.org/10.1577/A05-080.1
[16]  Burgess, J.L. (1999) Hospital Evacuations Due to Hazardous Materials Incidents. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17, 50-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90016-5
[17]  Hill Jr., R.H. and Finster, D.C. (2013) Academic Leaders Create Strong Safety Cultures in Colleges and Universities. Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 20, 27-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2013.06.011
[18]  Johnson, R.T. and Dickersin, K. (2007) Publication Bias against Negative Results from Clinical Trials: Three of the Seven Deadly Sins. Nature Reviews Neurology, 3, 590.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpneuro0618
[19]  Dirnagl, U. and Lauritzen, M. (2010) Fighting Publication Bias: Introducing the Negative Results Section. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 30, 263-1264.
https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.51
[20]  Fanelli, D. (2012) Negative Results Are Disappearing from Most Disciplines and Countries. Scientometrics, 90, 891-904.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0494-7

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133