House-hold PV panels are widely used; however, their performance is significantly degraded under real operating conditions. Environmental factors such as ambient temperature, wind speed, and solar irradiance has a major impact on the house-hold PV panel efficiency. In this paper an experimental study was conducted during the winter period in a single building in Minqin county, Gansu province, China. The experimental measurements were used to quantify the house-hold PV panel performance and operating characteristics. Based on the experimental results the house-hold PV panel performance is basically affected by the PV surface temperature, therefore, multilevel of energy is detected. Approximately 3% efficiency variation is detected due to the impact of the environmental factors.
References
[1]
Honrubia-Escribano, A., et al. (2018) Influence of Solar Technology in the Economic Performance of PV Power Plants in Europe: A Comprehensive Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 488-501.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.061
[2]
Obeidat, F. (2018) A Comprehensive Review of Future Photovoltaic Systems. Solar Energy, 163, 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.050
[3]
Bai, A., et al. (2016) Technical and Economic Effects of Cooling of Monocrystalline Photovoltaic Modules under Hungarian Conditions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1086-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.003
[4]
Ndiaye, A., et al. (2014) Degradation Evaluation of Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modules after a Few Operation Years in a Tropical Environment. Solar Energy, 103, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.02.006
[5]
Kahoul, N., Houabes, M. and Sadok, M. (2014) Assessing the Early Degradation of Photovoltaic Modules Performance in the Saharan Region. Energy Conversion and Management, 82, 320-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.034
[6]
Sen, R. and Bhattacharyya, S.C. (2014) Off-Grid Electricity Generation with Renewable Energy Technologies in India: An Application of HOMER. Renewable Energy, 62, 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.028
[7]
Sieminski, A. (2014) International Energy Outlook. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 18.
[8]
Outlook, A.E. (2010) International Energy Outlook. 92010, Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, 1-15.
[9]
Touati, F., et al. (2016) Investigation of Solar PV Performance under Doha Weather Using a Customized Measurement and Monitoring System. Renewable Energy, 89, 564-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.046
[10]
Bendib, B., Belmili, H. and Krim, F. (2015) A Survey of the Most Used MPPT Methods: Conventional and Advanced Algorithms Applied for Photovoltaic Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 637-648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.009
[11]
Skoplaki, E. and Palyvos, J. (2009) Operating Temperature of Photovoltaic Modules: A Survey of Pertinent Correlations. Renewable Energy, 34, 23-29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.04.009
[12]
Alami, A.H. (2014) Effects of Evaporative Cooling on Efficiency of Photovoltaic Modules. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 668-679.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.019
[13]
Nižetić, S., et al. (2016) Water Spray Cooling Technique Applied on a Photovoltaic Panel: The Performance Response. Energy Conversion and Management, 108, 287-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.079
[14]
Polo, J., Fernandez-Neira, W. and Alonso-García, M. (2017) On the Use of Reference Modules as Irradiance Sensor for Monitoring and Modelling Rooftop PV Systems. Renewable Energy, 106, 186-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.026
[15]
Yang, D. (2017) On Adding and Removing Sensors in a Solar Irradiance Monitoring Network for Areal Forecasting and PV System Performance Evaluation. Solar Energy, 155, 1417-1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.061
[16]
Abdolzadeh, M. and Ameri, M. (2009) Improving the Effectiveness of a Photovoltaic Water Pumping System by Spraying Water over the Front of Photovoltaic Cells. Renewable Energy, 34, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.03.024
[17]
Habiballahi, M., Ameri, M. and Mansouri, S. (2015) Efficiency Improvement of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems by Means of Water Flow Beneath Photovoltaic Cells Surface. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 137, Article ID: 044501.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029932
[18]
Aelenei, L., et al. (2014) Thermal Performance of a Hybrid BIPV-PCM: Modeling, Design and Experimental Investigation. Energy Procedia, 48, 474-483.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.056
[19]
Ibrahim, H. and Anani, N. (2017) Variations of PV Module Parameters with Irradiance and Temperature. Energy Procedia, 134, 276-285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.617
[20]
Elbreki, A., et al. (2017) Towards Adopting Passive Heat Dissipation Approaches for Temperature Regulation of PV Module as a Sustainable Solution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 961-1017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.054
[21]
Bouraiou, A., et al. (2018) Experimental Investigation of Observed Defects in Crystalline Silicon PV Modules under Outdoor Hot Dry Climatic Conditions in Algeria. Solar Energy, 159, 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.018
[22]
Masuko, K., et al. (2014) Achievement of More Than 25% Conversion Efficiency with Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 4, 1433-1435. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2352151
[23]
Kazem, H.A. and Chaichan, M.T. (2016) Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Dust’s Physical Properties on Photovoltaic Modules in Northern Oman. Solar Energy, 139, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.019
[24]
Kankiewicz, A., Sengupta, M. and Moon, D. (2010) Observed Impacts of Transient Clouds on Utility-Scale PV Fields. Proceedings of ASES National Solar Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 17-22 May 2010.
[25]
Curtright, A.E. and Apt, J. (2008) The Character of Power Output from Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Systems. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 16, 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.786
[26]
Li, N., Liu, C. and Zha, D. (2016) Performance Evaluation of Chinese Photovoltaic Companies with the Input-Oriented Dynamic SBM Model. Renewable Energy, 89, 489-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.028
[27]
Azadeh, A., Ghaderi, S. and Maghsoudi, A. (2008) Location Optimization of Solar Plants by an Integrated Hierarchical DEA PCA Approach. Energy Policy, 36, 3993-4004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.05.034
[28]
Sueyoshi, T. and Goto, M. (2014) Photovoltaic Power Stations in Germany and the United States: A Comparative Study by Data Envelopment Analysis. Energy Economics, 42, 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.01.004
[29]
García-Domingo, B., et al. (2014) Modelling the Influence of Atmospheric Conditions on the Outdoor Real Performance of a CPV (Concentrated Photovoltaic) Module. Energy, 70, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.119
[30]
Nishioka, K., et al. (2003) Field-Test Analysis of PV System Output Characteristics Focusing on Module Temperature. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 75, 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00148-4
[31]
Al-Shamani, A.N., et al. (2014) Nanofluids for Improved Efficiency in Cooling Solar Collectors—A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 348-367.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.041
[32]
McColl, S.J., Rodgers, P. and Eveloy, V. (2015) Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaics Modules for Enhanced Power Generation. Renewable Energy, 82, 14-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.015
[33]
Gökmen, N., et al. (2016) Investigation of Wind Speed Cooling Effect on PV Panels in Windy Locations. Renewable Energy, 90, 283-290.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.017
[34]
Obara, S.Y., et al. (2014) Output Prediction of Large-Scale Photovoltaics by Wind-Condition Analysis Using 3D Topographic Maps. Solar Energy, 105, 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.03.007
[35]
Schwingshackl, C., et al. (2013) Wind Effect on PV Module Temperature: Analysis of Different Techniques for an Accurate Estimation. Energy Procedia, 40, 77-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.08.010
[36]
Koehl, M., et al. (2011) Modeling of the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature Based on Outdoor Weathering. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 1638-1646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.01.020
[37]
Gaglia, A.G., et al. (2017) Energy Efficiency of PV Panels under Real Outdoor Conditions–An Experimental Assessment in Athens, Greece. Renewable Energy, 101, 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.051
[38]
Migan, G.-A. (2013) Study the Operating Temperature of a PV Module. Project Report.
[39]
Commission, I.E. (2005) Crystalline Silicon Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules—Design Qualification and Type Approval. International Standard IEC, 61215-04.