Based on core and casting slice observation, well drilling and logging data, the
source of carbonate materials, lithology together with electric properties,
types, genesis mechanism and distribution of calcareous interbeds in Songtao
uplift and its periphery of Qiongdongnan Basin have been thoroughly analyzed.
Results show that typical features have been appeared from well logging
curves, containing low gamma-ray, low acoustic travel time, low neutron value,
high density, as well as bright white calcium nodules or bands in electrical
imaging well-logging curves. Drilling results reveal that calcareous interbeds
developed mostly in high position of paleostructures and their distribution
was controlled by the combined effects of macroscopic and microscopic factors.
Macroscopically, calcareous interbeds relate to paleogeomorphology together
with the combination of sandstone and mudstone. They are also controlled
microscopically by the source of carbonate cements and pore space.
Under normal circumstances, with regard to the same sand, the closer to the
mudstone and the thicker of mudstone, the more conducive to the formation
of calcareous interlayer. Low compaction strength, high content of rigid particles,
coarse grain size, well-sorted sandstone and large pore space during
carbonate cementation are favorable for the development of calcareous interbeds.
References
[1]
Kantorowicz, J.D., Bryant, I.D. and Dawans, J.M. (1987) Controls on the Geometry and Distribution of Carbonate Cements in Jurassic Sandstones: Bridport Sands, Southern England and Viking Group, Troll Field, Norway. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 36, 103-118.
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.036.01.09
[2]
Longstaff, F.J. (1981) Clays and the Resource Geology. Mineralogical Association of Canada, United States.
[3]
Bjφrkum, P.A. and Walder haug, O. (1990) Geometrical Arrangement of Calcite Cementation within Shallow Marine Sandstones. Earth Science Reviews, 29, 145-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(0)90033-R
[4]
Chowdhury, A.H. and Noble, J.P.A. (1996) Origin, Distribution and Significance of Carbonate Cements in the Albert Formation Reservoir Sandstones, New Brunswick, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 13, 837-846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(96)00002-5
[5]
Xu, B.-M. and Lu, B. (1994) The Study of Diagenetic Carbonate in Siliciclastic Rock and Its Controlling on Reservoirs. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 12, 56-66.
[6]
Huang, S.-J., Wu, W.-H., Liu, J., Shen, L.-C. and Huang, C.-G. (2003) Generation of Secondary Porosity by Meteoric Water during Time of Subaerial Exposure: An Example from Yanchang Formation Sandstone of Triassic of Ordos Basin. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 28, 419-424.
[7]
Lin, C.-Y., Hou, L.-H., Dong, C.-M., Liu, Z.-R., Xin, Q.-L. and Huang, J.-Z. (1996) Study on Calcareous Interbeds in Turbidite Reservoir of Sha 3 Member of the Liaohe Western Depression. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 14, 72-80.
[8]
Shan, J.-F., Zhao, Z.-J., Li, F.-P., Cheng, D. and Wang, B. (2015) Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Calcium Interbeds Formed in Reservoir. Geological Review, 61, 614-620.
[9]
Taylor, K.G., Gawthorpe, R.L., Curtis, C.D., et al. (2000) Carbonate Cementation in a Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework: Upper Cretaceous Sandstones, Book Cliffs, Utah Colorada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70, 360-372.
https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40916-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
[10]
Jiang, H., Wang, H., Xiao, J., Lin, Z.-L. and Cai, J. (2009) Prospective Zone Prediction by Palaeogeomorphology Analysis Method-Taking No2 Fault Zone in Qiongdongnan Basin as an Example. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 36, 436-441.
[11]
Lei, C., Ren, J.Y., Li, X.S., Tong, C.X., Yin, X.Y. and Min, H. (2011) Structural Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential in the Deep-Water Area of the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 38, 560-569.
[12]
Hendry, J.P., Wilkinson, M., Fallick, A.E. and Haszeldine, R.S. (2000) Ankerite Cementation in Deeply Buried Jurassic Sandstone Reservoirs of the Central North Sea. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70, 227-239.
https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4090D-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
[13]
Fayek, M., Harrison, T.M., Grove, M., Mckeegan, K.D., et al. (2001) In Situ Stable Isotopic Evidence for Protracted and Complex Carbonate Cementation in a Petroleum Reservoir, North Coles Levee, San Joaquin Basin, California, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71, 444-458.
https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40954-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D
[14]
Keith, M.L. and Weber, J.N. (1964) Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Selected Limestones and Fossils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28, 1786-1816.
[15]
Wang, C.-S., Chen, X.-H. and Wang, X.-F. Oxygen Isotope Characteristics and Pale Seawater Temperature Analysis of Triassic Xiaoao Member in Guanling Area.
[16]
Wang, S.-C., Wang, X.-F., Chen, X.-H. and Li, Z.-H. (2009) The SST Change and Its Influence on the Distribution of Graptolite Fauna—An Example from the Ordovician Dawan Formation in Yichang Hubei Province. Acta Geologica Sinica, 83, 751-758.
[17]
Wang, Z.-H. and Zhang, S.-J. (1998) Discovery and Characteristics of High Mineralized Soda-Dicarbonate Typed Water in Karamay Oil Region. Experimental Petroleum Geology, 20, 39-43.
[18]
Liu, Y.-Q., Zeng, J.-H., Zhou, L. and Zhai, S.-J. (2013) Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of Shahejie Formation Water in Huimin Sag. Geoscience, 27, 1110-1119.
[19]
Guo, H.-L. and Wang, D.-R. (1999) Stable Isotopic Composition and Origin Analysis of the Carbonate Cements within Sandstone Reservoirs of Tarim Oilgas Bearing Area. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, 26, 31-32.
[20]
Liu, L., Bao, Z.-D., Qin, Z., Fan, Z.-P., Lin, Y.-B., Deng, X.-L. and An, K.-S. (2016) Controlling Factors of Calcareous Interlayers Distribution in Ultra-Low Permeability Reservoirs: Micro Evidence from Petrology and Diagenesis. Natural Gas Geoscience, 27, 1035-1045.
[21]
Wang, Q.-B., Zang, C.-Y., Lai, W.-C., Wang, B., Wang, X.-L. and Zhao, X.-J. (2009) Distribution Characteristics and Origin of Carbonate Cements in the Middle and Deep Clastic Reservoirs of the Paleogene in Bozhong Depression. Oil & Gas Geology, 30, 438-443.
[22]
Xin, Y.-F. and Li, H.-Q. (2005) Origin of Calcareous Interbeds and Its Significance of Sequence Stratigraphy in Junggar Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 26, 24-31.
[23]
Tian, Y., Lu, Z.-S., Quan, Y.-Z., Si, Y., Zhang, H.-C. and Peng, S. (2009) Calcareous Interbeds in the Sandstone Reservoir of Shen-95 Block with in Damintun Sag Liaohe Basin. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 28, 152-160.
[24]
Pu, Y., Wang, W. and Li, C.Y. (2016) Features and Genesis of Calcareous Interbeds in Tight Sandstone, Xujiahe 4 Member, Bazhong Area. Natural Gas Technology and Economy, 10, 16-20.
[25]
Sun, Z.-X., Sun, Z.-L., Lu, H.-J. and Yin, X.-J. (2010) Characteristics of Carbonate Cements in Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case from Yanchang Formation, Middle and Southern Ordos Basin, China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 37, 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(10)60054-7
[26]
Zhang, M.-Q., Huang, S.-J., Wu, Z.-X. and Hu, Z.-W. (2007) Carbonate Cements and Their Formation Mechanism in Palaeogene Sandstones of Lishui Sag, East China Sea Basin. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition), 34, 259-266.
[27]
Wang, F.-R., He, S., He, Z.-L., et al. (2009) Carbonate Cements Features and Its Genetic Significance of Sandstones in Yongjin Area of Junggar Basin. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 28, 169-178.
[28]
Zhang, Y.-W., Zeng, J.-H., Gao, X. and Zhou, S.-Y. (2009) Distribution Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Carbonate Cements in the Paleogene Reservoirs in Dongying Depression. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 39, 16-22.
[29]
Qi, B.-W., Lin, C.-M., Qiu, G.-Q., Li, Y.-L., Liu, H.-M. and Gao, Y.-J. (2006) Formation Mechanism of Calcareous Incrustation in Lenticular Sandbody of the Shahejie Formation of Paleogene and Its Influence on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Dongying Sag. Journal of Palaeogeography, 8, 519-530.
[30]
Zeng, J.-H., Peng, J.-L., Qiu, N.-S. and Zhu, Z.-Q. (2006) Carbonate Dissolution Precipitation in Sandstone-Shale Contact and Its Petroleum Geological Meanings. Natural Gas Geoscience, 17, 760-764.
[31]
Zhong, D.-K., Zhu, X.-M. and Zhang, Q. (2004) Variation Characteristics of Sandstone Reservoirs when Sandstone and Mudstone Are Interbedded at Different Buried Depths. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78, 864-869.
[32]
Song, H.-L., Hong, B.-G., Zhang, Y.-C., et al. (2013) Study on Genesis and Distribution of Paleogene Calcareous Sandstone in Liaodong Gulf, Bohai Sea-Case of 3rd Member of Shahejie Formation in Well Area 3 of Jinzhou 25-1 Oilfield. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 20, 55-59.
