全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

CT Findings in Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Esophagographic Findings

DOI: 10.4236/ojrad.2018.82013, PP. 109-124

Keywords: Esophageal Carcinoma, Esophagography, CT, Correlation

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Aim of the Study: Aim of this study is to evaluate the patients of biopsy proven esophageal carcinoma with Contrast CT studies (CECT thorax, abdomen or neck), correlate and compare the CT findings with esophagographic findings in each case and with biopsy findings wherever possible. Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) biopsy proven cases of esophageal carcinoma were taken into study in Radiology Department of Govt. Medical College, Patiala, Punjab after informed consents. All the patients underwent esophagography with barium sulphate as the contrast material and contrast enhanced CT scan of neck and/or thorax and/or abdomen. In all cases, esophagographic study preceded the CT scan. The time gap between the two studies was kept to the minimum to make the studies comparable. Results: The CT findings were found to have significant correlation with the esophagographic findings (p value > 0.05 in each finding) in regard to luminal narrowing, proximal dilatation and hold up of contrast, eccentricity of growth, site involved, length of growth, involvement of pyriform sinuses/valeculla and involvement of GE junction. Conclusions: CT study primarily helps to rule out unresectable or distant metastatic disease. Barium studies cannot provide any information regarding local invasion into mediastinal structures, regional or non-regional lymphadenopathy or metastases to distant organs which are significant for determining the treatment modality. CT has an advantage over esophagography for these information.

References

[1]  Rankin, S. (1998) Oesophageal Cancer. In: Husband, J.E.S. and Reznek, R.H., Eds., Imaging in Oncology, Isis Medical Media N, Oxford, 93-110.
[2]  Daly, J.M., Fry, W.A., Little, A.G., Winchester, D.P., McKee, R.F., Stewart, A.K., et al. (2000) Esophageal Cancer: Results of an American College of Surgeons Patient Care Evaluation Study. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 190, 562-572.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1072-7515(00)00238-6
[3]  Eloubeidi, M.A., Wallace, M.B., Reed, C.E., Hadzijahic, N., Lewin, D.N., Van Velse, A., et al. (2001) The Utility of EUS and EUS Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Detecting Celiac Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Esophageal Cancer: A Single Center Experience. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 54, 714-719.
https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.119873
[4]  Dorfman, R.E., Alpern, M.B., Gross, B.H. and Sandler, M.A. (1991) Upper Abdominal Lymph Nodes: Criteria for Normal Size Determined with CT. Radiology, 180, 319-322.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068292
[5]  Fultz, P.J., Feins, R.H., Strang, J.G., Wandtke, J.C., Johnstone, D.W., Watson, T.J., et al. (2002) Detection and Diagnosis of Nonpalpable Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes in Lung Cancer at CT and US. Radiology, 222, 245-251.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2221010431
[6]  Greene, F., Fritz, A. and Balch, C. (2002) Esophagus. In: Greene, F., Fritz, A. and Balch, C., Eds., AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook Part III: Digestive System 9-Esophagus, Springer-Verlag, New York, 6th Edition, 91-98.
[7]  Kuszyk, B.S., Bluemke, D.A., Urban, B.A., Choti, M.A., Hruban, R.H., Sitzmann, J.V., et al. (1996) Portal Phase Contrast-Enhanced Helical CT for the Detection of Malignant Hepatic Tumors: Sensitivity Based on Comparison with Intraoperative and Pathologic Findings. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 166, 91-95.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.166.1.8571914
[8]  Levine, M.S., Chu, P., Furth, E.E., Rubesin, S.E., Laufer, I. and Herlinger, H. (1997) Carcinoma of the Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction: Sensitivity of Radiographic Diagnosis. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 168, 1423-1426.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168701
[9]  Gupta, S., Levine, M.S., Rubesin, R.E., Katzka, D.A. and Laufer, I. (2003) Usefulness of Barium Studies for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Strictures of the Esophagus. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 180, 737-744.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.180.3.1800737
[10]  Levine, M.S. (1997) Esophageal Cancer Radiologic Diagnosis. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 35, 265-279.
[11]  Ueyema, T., Kawamoto, K., Yamada, Y. and Masuda, K. (1998) Early Esophageal Carcinoma. Evaluation of the Depth of Invasion Based on Double Contrast Esophagography. Acta Radiologica, 39, 133-137.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172166
[12]  Kato, H., Momma, K. and Yoshida, M. (2003) Early Esophageal Cancer: Radiologic Estimation of Invasion into the Muscularis Mucosae. Abdominal Imaging, 28, 464-469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-002-0074-7
[13]  Glickman II, J.N. (2003) Pathology and Pathologic Staging of Esophageal Cancer. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 15, 167-179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-0679(03)70025-2
[14]  Postlethwait, R.W. (1983) Carcinoma of the Thoracic Esophagus. Surgical Clinics of North America, 63, 933-940.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)43094-X
[15]  Little, A.G., Ferguson, M.K., DeMeester, T.R., Hoffman, P.C. and Skinner, D.B. (1984) Esophageal Carcinoma with Respiratory Tract Fistula. Cancer, 53, 1322-1328.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19840315)53:6<1322::A
ID-CNCR2820530617>3.0.CO;2-H
[16]  Mandard, A.M., Chasle, J., Marnay, J., Villedieu, B., Bianco, C., Roussel, A., et al. (1981) Autopsy Findings in 111 Cases of Esophageal Cancer. Cancer, 48, 329-335.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19810715)48:2<329::AI
D-CNCR2820480219>3.0.CO;2-V
[17]  Quint, L.E., Glazer, G.M., Orringer, M.B. and Gross, B.H. (1985) Esophageal Carcinoma: CT Findings. Radiology, 155, 171-175.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.155.1.3975398
[18]  Saunders, H.S., Wolfman, N.T. and Ott, D.J. (1997) Esophageal Cancer Radiologic Staging. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 35, 281-294.
[19]  Rapp-Bernhardt, U., Welte, T., Budinger, M. and Bernhardt, T.M. (1998) Comparison of Three Dimensional Virtual Endoscopy with Bronchoscopy in Patients with Oesophageal Carcinoma Infiltrating the Tracheobronchial Tree. The British Journal of Radiology, 71, 1271-1278.
https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.71.852.10319000
[20]  Picus, D., Balfe, D.M., Koehler, R.E., Roper, C.L. and Owen, J.W. (1983) CT in the Staging of Esophageal Carcinoma. Radiology, 146, 433-438.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.146.2.6849089
[21]  Takashima, S., Takeuchi, N., Shiozaki, H., Kobayashi, K., Morimoto, S., Ikezoe, J., et al. (1991) Carcinoma of the Esophagus: CT vs. MR Imaging in Determining Resectability. AJR, 156, 297-302.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.2.1898802
[22]  Noh, H.M., Fishman, E.K., Forastiere, A.A., Bliss, D.F. and Calhoun, P.S. (1995) CT of the Esophagus: Spectrum of Disease with Emphasis on Esophageal Carcinoma. RadioGraphics, 15, 1113-1134.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.15.5.7501854
[23]  Desai, R.K., Tagliabue, J.R., Wegryn, S.A. and Einstein, D.M. (1991) CT Evaluation of Wall Thickening in the Alimentary Tract. RadioGraphics, 11, 771-783.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.11.5.1947313
[24]  Berger, A.C. and Scott, W.J. (2004) Noninvasive Staging of Esophageal Carcinoma. Journal of Surgical Research, 117, 127-133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2003.12.023
[25]  Rice, T.W. (2000) Clinical Staging of Esophageal Carcinoma. CT, EUS, and PET. Chest Surgery Clinics of North America, 10, 471-485.
[26]  Halvorsen, R.A., Magruder-Habib, K., Foster, W.L., Roberts, L., Postlethwait, R.W. and Thompson, W.M. (1986) Esophageal Cancer Staging by CT: Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Radiology, 161, 147-151.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.161.1.3763857
[27]  Daffner, R.H., Halber, M.D., Postlethwait, R.W., Korobkin, M. and Thompson, W.M. (1979) CT of the Esophagus. II. Carcinoma. American Journal of Roentgenology, 133, 1051-1055.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.133.6.1051
[28]  Mohebbi, M., Wolfe, R., Jolley, D., Forbes, A.B., Mahmoodi, M. and Burton, R.C. (2011) The Spatial Distribution of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer in Caspian Region of Iran: An Ecological Analysis of Diet and Socio-Economic Influences. International Journal of Health Geographics, 10, 13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-13
[29]  Sinha, R., Anderson, D.E., McDonald, S.S. and Greenwald, P. (2003) Cancer Risk and Diet in India. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 49, 222-228.
[30]  Cherian, J.V., Sivaraman, R., Muthusamy, A.K. and Jayanthi, V. (2007) Carcinoma of the Esophagus in Tamil Nadu (South India): 16-Year Trend from a Tertiary Center. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 16, 245-249.
[31]  Khan, N.A., Teli, M.A., Mohib-Ul Haq, M., Bhat, G.M., Lone, M.M. and Afroz, F. (2011) A Survey of Risk Factors in Carcinoma Esophagus in the Valley of Kashmir, Northern India. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 7, 15-18.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.80431
[32]  Chitra, S., Ashok, L., Anand, L., Srinivasan, V. and Jayanthi, V. (2004) Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer in Coimbatore, Southern India: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, 23, 117-118.
[33]  Gatei, D.G., Odhiambo, P.A., Orinda, D.A.O., Muruka, F.J. and Wasunna, A. (1978) Retrospective Study of Carcinoma of the Esophagus in Kenya. Cancer Research, 38, 303-307.
[34]  Huang, W., Li, B., Gong, H., Yu, J., Sun, H. and Zhou, T. (2010) Pattern of Lymph Node Metastases and Its Implication in Radiotherapeutic Clinical Target Volume in Patients with Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Report of 1077 Cases. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 95, 229-233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.006
[35]  Subasinghe, D. and Samarasekera, D.N. (2010) Delay in the Diagnosis of Esophageal Carcinoma: Experience of a Single Unit from a Developing Country. Indian Journal of Cancer, 47, 151-155.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.63009
[36]  Gibbs, J.F., Rajput, A., Chadha, K.S., Douglas, W.G., Hill, H., Nwogu, C., et al. (2007) The Changing Profile of Esophageal Cancer Presentation and Its Implication for Diagnosis. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99, 620-626.
[37]  Wakhisi, J., Patel, K., Buziba, N. and Rotich, J. (2005) Oesophageal Cancer in North Rift Valley of Western Kenya. African Health Sciences, 5, 157-163.
[38]  Nishimaki, T., Tanakt, O., Ando, N., Ide, H., Watanabe, H. and Shinoda, M. (1999) Evaluation of the Accuracy of Preoperative Staging in Thoracic Esophageal Cancer. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 68, 2059-2064.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01171-6
[39]  Pedram, A., Mahmodlou, R., Enshayi, A. and Sepehrvand, N. (2011) Esophageal Cancer in Northwestern Iran. Indian Journal of Cancer, 48, 165-169.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.82875
[40]  Kim, K., Park, S.J., Kim, B.T., Lee, K.S. and Shim, Y.M. (2001) Evaluation of Lymph Node Metastases in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus with Positron Emission Tomography. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 71, 290-294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02221-9
[41]  Hsu, W.H., Hsu, P.K., Wang, S.J., Lin, K.H., Huang, C.S., Hsieh, C.C., et al. (2009) Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Predicting Locoregional Invasion in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 87, 1564-1568.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.065
[42]  Roedl, J.B., Colen, R.R., King, K., Fischman, A.J., Mueller, P.R. and Blake, M.A. (2008) Visual PET/CT Scoring for Nonspecific 18F-FDG Uptake in the Differentiation of Early Malignant and Benign Esophageal Lesions. American Journal of Roentgenology, 191, 515-521. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.3320
[43]  Turkyilmaz, A., Eroglu, A., Aydin, Y., Yilmaz, Ö. and Karaoglanoglu, N. (2009) Survival in Esophageal Cancer Patients with Hematogenous Distant Organ Metastases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 39, 415-421.
[44]  Heeren, P.A., Jager, P.L., Bongaerts, F., Van Dullemen, H., Sluiter, W. and Plukker, J.T. (2004) Detection of Distant Metastases in Esophageal Cancer with 18F-FDG PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 45, 980-987.
[45]  Quint, L.E., Hepburn, L.M., Francis, I.R., Whyte, R.I. and Orringer, M.B. (1995) Incidence and Distribution of Distant Metastases from Newly Diagnosed Esophageal Carcinoma. Cancer, 76, 1120-1125.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19951001)76:7<1120::A
ID-CNCR2820760704>3.0.CO;2-W
[46]  Yoon, Y.C., Lee, K.S., Shim, Y.M., Kim, B.T., Kim, K. and Kim, T.S. (2003) Metastasis to Regional Lymph Nodes in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: CT versus FDG PET for Presurgical Detection-Prospective Study. Radiology, 227, 764-770.
https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2281020423
[47]  van Overhagen, H., Laméris, J.S., Berger, M.Y., Klooswijk, A.I., Tilanus, H.W. and van Pel, R. (1993) CT Assessment of Resectability Prior to Transhiatal Oesophagectomy or Oesophageal/Gastro-Oesophageal Junction Carcinoma. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 17, 367-373.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199305000-00005
[48]  Yendamuri, S., Swisher, S.G., Correa, A.M., Hofstetter, W., Ajani, J.A., Francis, A., et al. (2009) Esophageal Tumor Length Is Independently Associated with Long-Term Survival. Cancer, 115, 508-516.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24062
[49]  Su, M., Li, X.Y., Tian, D.P., Wu, M.Y., Wu, X.Y., Lu, S.M., et al. (2004) Clinicopathologic Analysis of Esophageal and Cardiac Cancers and Survey of Molecular Expression on Tissue Arrays in Chaoshan Littoral of China World. Journal of Gastroenterology, 10, 2163-2167.
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2163
[50]  Kuwano, H., Nakajima, M., Miyazaki, T. and Kato, H. (2003) Distinctive Clinicopathological Characteristics in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 9, 6-13.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133