This study was performed in order to determine
visitation at remote areas that would be unaffordable due to logistic reasons. Four
TrafxTM vehicle counters, each programmed with different settings, were placed
along the lone access road to remotely sense the daily use activities and count
accuracy at the New Underwood Lake Public Water Access Area. Use was
corroborated during daylight hours with game cameras. Data was stratified
between weekdays/weekends due to differences between the two periods. Two
counter settings, threshold and delay, were best when set at a value of 8, but
a value of 16 for delay provided almost equal results. Overall, there were 38
counts of use per day for a total of 2318 over the 61 day period. This study
demonstrated how vehicle counters, in combination with game cameras for
verification, can aid managers for determining use in remote access areas. Future
work may lead to identifying details for producing a surrogate to traditional
angler use surveys.
References
[1]
Arlinghaus, R., Mehner, T. and Cowx, I.G. (2002) Reconciling Traditional Inland Fisheries Management and Sustainability in Industrialized Countries, with Emphasis on Europe. Fish and fisheries, 3, 261-316. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00102.x
[2]
Arlinghaus, R. (2006) Overcoming Human Obstacles to Conservation of Recreational Fishery Resources, with Emphasis on Europe. Environmental Conservation, 33, 46-59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906002700
[3]
Arlinghaus, R. and Cooke, S.J. (2009) Recreational Fisheries: Socioeconomic Importance, Conservation Issues and Management Challenges. Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice, 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303179.ch3
[4]
Cowx, I.G., Arlinghaus, R. and Cooke, S.J. (2010) Harmonizing Recreational Fisheries and Conservation Objectives for Aquatic Biodiversity in Inland Waters. Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 2194-2215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02686.x
[5]
Pollock, K.H., Jones, C.M. and Brown, T.L. (1994) Angler Survey Methods and Their Application in Fisheries Management. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 25.
[6]
Steffe, A.S., Murphy, J.J. and Reid, D.D. (2008) Supplemented Access Point Sampling Designs: A Cost-Effective Way of Improving the Accuracy and Precision of Fishing Effort and Harvest Estimates Derived from Recreational Fishing Surveys. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28, 1001-1008. https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-248.1
[7]
Smallwood, C.B., Pollock, K.H., Wise, B.S., Hall, N.G. and Gaughan, D.J. (2012) Expanding Aerial-Roving Surveys to Include Counts of Shore-Based Recreational Fishers from Remotely Operated Cameras: Benefits, Limitations and Cost Effectiveness. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 32, 1265-1276. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.728181
[8]
van Poorten, B. (2010) Effort Response of Urban Anglers to Varying Stocking Frequency and Density: Findings from the 2009 Fishing in the City Program and Projections for Optimal Stocking. Report for the Freshwater Fisheries Society of British Columbia. Report, 9.
[9]
Barnes, M.E., Simpson, G., Carreiro, J. and Voorhees, J. (2014) A Comparison of a Creel Census to Modeled Access-Point Creel Surveys on Two Small Lakes Managed as Put-and-Take Rainbow Trout Fisheries. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 5, No. 1.
[10]
Duda, M.D. and Nobile, J.L. (2010) The Fallacy of Online Surveys: No Data Are Better than Bad Data. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 15, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200903244250
[11]
Dillman, D.A. (2007) Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
[12]
Gigliotti, L.M. (2011) Comparison of an Internet versus Mail Survey: A Case Study. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 16, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.535241
[13]
van Poorten, B.T. and Brydle, S. (2018). Estimating Fishing Effort from Remote Traffic Counters: Opportunities and Challenges. Fisheries Research, 204, 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2018.02.024
[14]
Watson, A.E., Cole, D.N., Turner, D.L. and Reynolds, P.S. (2000) Wilderness Recreation Use Estimation: A Handbook of Methods and Systems. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-56. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-56
[15]
Cessford, G. and Muhar, A. (2003) Monitoring Options for Visitor Numbers in National Parks and Natural Areas. Journal Natural Conservation, 11, 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1078/1617-1381-00055
[16]
Askey, P.J., Ward, H., Godin, T., Boucher, M. and Northrup, S. (2018) Angler Effort Estimates from Instantaneous Aerial Counts: Use of High-Frequency Time-Lapse Camera Data to Inform Model-Based Estimators. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 38, 194-209. https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10010
[17]
Lancaster, D., Dearden, P., Haggarty, D.R., Volpe, J.P. and Ban, N.C. (2017) Effectiveness of Shore-Based Remote Camera Monitoring for Quantifying Recreations Fisher Compliance in Marine Conservation Areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27, 804-813. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2736
[18]
Ross, J. (2005) Visitor Counters in Parks: Management Practice for Counter Calibration. Department of Conservation Technical Series 33, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 34 p.
[19]
Douglas, J. and Giles, A. (2001) The Use of Traffic Counters to Plan Creel Surveys: A Case Study of Lake Dartmouth, Victoria, Australia. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8, 543-546. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2001.00254.x
[20]
Cessford, G., Cockburn, S. and Douglas, M. (2002) Developing New Visitor Counters and Their Applications for Management. Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Conference, Vienna, 30 January-2 February 2002, 14-20.
[21]
Ivy, M.I. (2002) Video Monitoring Visitors as a Management Tool: Identifying the Issues. Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Conference, Vienna, 30 January-2 February 2002, 483.
[22]
Malvestuto, S.P. (1983) Sampling the Recreational Fishery. In: Nielsen, L.A. and Johnson, D.L., Eds., Fisheries Techniques, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 397-419.
[23]
Brandenburg, C. and Ploner, A. (2002) Models to Predict Visitor Attendance Levels and the Presence of Specific User Groups. Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas Conference, Vienna, 30 January-2 February 2002, 166-172.
[24]
Newman, S.P., Rasmussen, P.W. and Andrews, L.M. (1997) Comparison of a Stratified, Instantaneous Count Creel Survey with a Complete Mandatory Creel Census on Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 17, 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0321:COASIC>2.3.CO;2
[25]
Lees + Associates (2012) CLBMON-14 Boat Ramp Use Study (CLBMON 14, 2011 (Year 2) Progress Report. BC Hydro, Water License Requirements, Vancouver.
[26]
Ryan, R.G., Gutknecht, E. and Megargle, D. (2007) Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Fishery Management Annual Report, November 2008, IDFG 08-114.
[27]
Chen, H.L. and Koprowski, J.L. (2016) Barrier Effects of Roads on an Endangered Forest Obligate: Influences of Traffic, Road Edges and Gaps. Biological Conservation, 199, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.017
[28]
Klein, R.W., Koeser, A.K., Hauer, R.J., Hansen, G. and Escobedo, F. (2016) Relationship between Perceived and Actual Occupancy Rates in Urban Settings. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 19, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.030
[29]
Lucas, R.C. and Oltman, J.L. (1971) Survey Sampling Wilderness Visitors. Journal of Leisure Research, 3, 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1971.11970013
[30]
Hartill, B.W., Payne, G.W., Rush, N. and Bain, R. (2016) Bridging the Temporal Gap: Continuous and Cost-Effective Monitoring of Dynamic Recreational Fisheries by Web Cameras and Creel Surveys. Fisheries Research, 183, 488-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.06.002
[31]
McClaran, M. and Cole, N. (1993) Packstock in Wilderness: Use, Impacts, Monitoring and Management. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-301, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden.
