This paper reviews the studies of using FTIR to investigate the components of aerosols produced in smog chamber experiments and collected in atmosphere. The fact that aerosols are mixture of small amount of countless individual compounds makes the analysis of aerosol constituents very challenging. Although a number of advanced instruments have been applied to the chemical characterization of aerosol components, the majority of aerosol components, particularly the organics, remain unknown. Being supplemental to the traditional quantitative instruments, FTIR has been recently used either individually or combining with other analytical instruments to characterize the components of aerosol particles. This paper aims to show how FTIR is applied to analysis of organic aerosols in current literature and to summarize the FTIR characteristic peak frequencies that are widely seen in the FTIR measurement of organic aerosols. It will be greatly helpful to researchers whose studies are focused on the analysis of aerosol components.
References
[1]
Turpin, B.J., Saxena, P. and Andrews, E. (2000) Measuring and Simulating Particulate Organics in the Atmosphere: Problems and Prospects. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2983-3013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4
[2]
Goldstein, A.H. and Galbally, I.E. (2007) Known and Unexplored Organic Constituents in the Earth’s Atmosphere. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 1514-1521. https://doi.org/10.1021/es072476p
[3]
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J.L., Canagaratna, M.R., Allan, J.D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., et al. (2007) Ubiquity and Dominance of Oxygenated Species in Organic Aerosols in Anthropogenically-Influenced Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L13801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029979
[4]
Finessi, E., Decesari, S., Paglione, M., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Gilardoni, S., et al. (2012) Determination of the Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Fraction in the Boreal Forest by NMR Spectroscopy. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 941-959. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-941-2012
[5]
Duarte, R.M.B.O., Pio, C.A. and Duarte, A.C. (2005) Spectroscopic Study of the Water-Soluble Organic Matter Isolated from Atmospheric Aerosols Collected under Different Atmospheric Conditions. Analytica Chimica Acta, 530, 7-14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.049
[6]
Paglione, M., Saarikoski, S., Carbone, S., Hillamo, R., Facchini, M.C., Finessi, E., et al. (2014) Primary and Secondary Biomass Burning Aerosols Determined by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy during the 2008 EUCAARI Campaign in the Po Valley (Italy). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 5089-5110. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5089-2014
[7]
Fan, X., Song, J. and Peng, P. (2013) Comparative Study for Separation of Atmospheric Humic-Like Substance (HULIS) by ENVI-18, HLB, XAD-8 and DEAE Sorbents: Elemental Composition, FT-IR, 1H NMR and Off-Line Thermochemolysis with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH). Chemosphere, 93, 1710-1719.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.045
[8]
Jang, M.S. and Kamens, R.M. (2001) Atmospheric Secondary Aerosol Formation by Heterogeneous Reactions of Aldehydes in the Presence of a Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Catalyst. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 4758-4766.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es010790s
[9]
Jang, M., Lee, S. and Kamens, R.M. (2003) Organic Aerosol Growth by Acid-Catalyzed Heterogeneous Reactions of Octanal in a Flow Reactor. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2125-2138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00077-3
[10]
Jang, M.S., Carroll, B., Chandramouli, B. and Kamens, R.M. (2003) Particle Growth by Acid-Catalyzed Heterogeneous Reactions of Organic Carbonyls on Preexisting Aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 3828-3837.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es021005u
[11]
Bones, D.L., Henricksen, D.K., Mang, S.A., Gonsior, M., Bateman, A.P., Nguyen, T.B., et al. (2010) Appearance of Strong Absorbers and Fluorophores in Limonene-O3 Secondary Organic Aerosol Due to NH4+-Mediated Chemical Aging over Long Time Scales. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D05203.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012864
[12]
Coury, C. and Dillner, A.M. (2008) A Method to Quantify Organic Functional Groups and Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Aerosols using Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Chemometric Techniques. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 5923-5932.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.026
[13]
Coury, C. and Dillner, A.M. (2009) ATR-FTIR Characterization of Organic Functional Groups and Inorganic Ions in Ambient Aerosols at a Rural Site. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 940-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.056
[14]
Russell, L.M., Bahadur, R., Hawkins, L.N., Allan, J., Baumgardner, D., Quinn, P.K., et al. (2009) Organic Aerosol Characterization by Complementary Measurements of Chemical Bonds and Molecular Fragments. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 6100-6105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.036
[15]
Schwartz, R.E., Russell, L.M., Sjostedt, S.J., Vlasenko, A., Slowik, J.G., Abbatt, J.P.D., et al. (2010) Biogenic Oxidized Organic Functional Groups in Aerosol Particles from a Mountain Forest Site and Their Similarities to Laboratory Chamber Products. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 5075-5088.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5075-2010
[16]
Maria, S.F., Russell, L.M., Turpin, B.J. and Porcja, R.J. (2002) FTIR Measurements of Functional Groups and Organic Mass in Aerosol Samples over the Caribbean. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5185-5196.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00654-4
[17]
Maria, S.F., Russell, L.M., Turpin, B.J., Porcja, R.J., Campos, T.L., Weber, R.J., et al. (2003) Source Signatures of Carbon Monoxide and Organic Functional Groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) Submicron Aerosol Types. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 8637.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003703
Gilardoni, S., Russell, L.M., Sorooshian, A., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H., Bates, T.S., et al. (2007) Regional Variation of Organic Functional Groups in Aerosol Particles on Four U.S. East Coast Platforms during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 Campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D10S27. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007737
[20]
Gilardoni, S., Liu, S., Takahama, S., Russell, L.M., Allan, J.D., Steinbrecher, R., et al. (2009) Characterization of Organic Ambient Aerosol during MIRAGE 2006 on Three Platforms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5417-5432.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5417-2009
[21]
Russell, L.M., Takahama, S., Liu, S., Hawkins, L.N., Covert, D.S., Quinn, P.K., et al. (2009) Oxygenated Fraction and Mass of Organic Aerosol from Direct Emission and Atmospheric Processing Measured on the R/V Ronald Brown during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114, D00F05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011275
[22]
Liu, S., Day, D.A., Shields, J.E. and Russell, L.M. (2011) Ozone-Driven Daytime Formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Containing Carboxylic Acid Groups and Alkane Groups. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8321-8341.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8321-2011
[23]
Hayes, P.L., Ortega, A.M., Cubison, M.J., Froyd, K.D., Zhao, Y., Cliff, S.S., et al. (2013) Organic Aerosol Composition and Sources in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex Campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118, 9233-9257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50530
[24]
Takahama, S., Johnson, A. and Russell, L.M. (2013) Quantification of Carboxylic and Carbonyl Functional Groups in Organic Aerosol Infrared Absorbance Spectra. Aerosol Science and Technology, 47, 310-325.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.752065
[25]
Chhabra, P.S., Ng, N.L., Canagaratna, M.R., Corrigan, A.L., Russell, L.M., Worsnop, D.R., et al. (2011) Elemental Composition and Oxidation of Chamber Organic Aerosol. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8827-8845.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8827-2011
[26]
Liu, S., Takahama, S., Russell, L.M., Gilardoni, S. and Baumgardner, D. (2009) Oxygenated Organic Functional Groups and Their Sources in Single and Submicron Organic Particles in MILAGRO 2006 Campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 6849-6863. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6849-2009
[27]
Day, D.A., Liu, S., Russell, L.M. and Ziemann, P.J. (2010) Organonitrate Group Concentrations in Submicron Particles with High Nitrate and Organic Fractions in Coastal Southern California. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 1970-1979.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.045
[28]
Mylonas, D.T., Allen, D.T., Ehrman, S.H. and Pratsinis, S.E. (1991) The Sources and Size Distributions of Organonitrates in Los-Angeles Aerosol. Atmospheric Environment, Part A, General Topics, 25, 2855-2861.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90211-O
[29]
Allen, D.T., Palen, E.J., Haimov, M.I., Hering, S.V. and Young, J.R. (1994) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Aerosol Collected in a Low Pressure Impactor (LPI/FTIR): Method Development and Field Calibration. Aerosol Science and Technology, 21, 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829408959719
[30]
Dekermenjian, M., Allen, D.T., Atkinson, R. and Arey, J. (1999) FTIR Analysis of Aerosol Formed in the Ozone Oxidation of Sesquiterpenes. Aerosol Science and Technology, 30, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868299304552
[31]
Liu, S., Shilling, J.E., Song, C., Hiranuma, N., Zaveri, R.A. and Russell, L.M. (2012) Hydrolysis of Organonitrate Functional Groups in Aerosol Particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46, 1359-1369. https://doi.org/10.7312/li--16274-047
[32]
Rindelaub, J.D., McAvey, K.M. and Shepson, P.B. (2015) The Photochemical Production of Organic Nitrates from α-Pinene and Loss via Acid-Dependent Particle Phase Hydrolysis. Atmospheric Environment, 100, 193-201.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.010
[33]
Day, D.A., Takahama, S., Gilardoni, S. and Russell, L.M. (2009) Organic Composition of Single and Submicron Particles in Different Regions of Western North America and the Eastern Pacific during INTEX-B 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5433-5446. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5433-2009
[34]
Russell, L.M., Bahadur, R. and Ziemann, P.J. (2011) Identifying Organic Aerosol Sources by Comparing Functional Group Composition in Chamber and Atmospheric Particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 3516-3521.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006461108
[35]
Takahama, S., Johnson, A., Guzman Morales, J., Russell, L.M., Duran, R., Rodriguez, G., et al. (2013) Submicron Organic Aerosol in Tijuana, Mexico, from Local and Southern California Sources during the CalMex Campaign. Atmospheric Environment, 70, 500-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.057
[36]
Garnes, L.A. and Allen, D.T. (2002) Size Distributions of Organonitrates in Ambient Aerosol Collected in Houston, Texas. Aerosol Science and Technology, 36, 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820290092186
[37]
Laurent, J.P. and Allen, D.T. (2004) Size Distributions of Organic Functional Groups in Ambient Aerosol Collected in Houston, Texas. Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38, 82-91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820390229561
[38]
Polidori, A., Turpin, B.J., Davidson, C.I., Rodenburg, L.A. and Maimone, F. (2008) Organic PM2.5: Fractionation by Polarity, FTIR Spectroscopy, and OM/OC Ratio for the Pittsburgh Aerosol. Aerosol Science and Technology, 42, 233-246.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820801958767
[39]
Mohiuddin, K., Strezov, V., Nelson, P.F. and Evans, T. (2016) Bonding Structure and Mineral Analysis of Size Resolved Atmospheric Particles Nearby Steelmaking Industrial Sites in Australia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 16, 1638-1650.
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.02.0076
[40]
Palen, E.J., Allen, D.T., Pandis, S.N., Paulson, S.E., Seinfeld, J.H. and Flagan, R.C. (1992) Fourier-Transform Infrared-Analysis of Aerosol Formed in the Photooxidation of Isoprene and Beta-Pinene. Atmospheric Environment, Part A, General Topics, 26, 1239-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90385-X
[41]
Holes, A., Eusebi, A., Grosjean, D. and Allen, D.T. (1997) FTIR Analysis of Aerosol Formed in the Photooxidation of 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene. Aerosol Science and Technology, 26, 516-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829708965450
[42]
Dekermenjian, M. (1999) FTIR Analysis of Aerosol Formed in the Photooxidation of Naphthalene. Aerosol Science and Technology, 30, 273-279.
https://doi.org/10.1080/027868299304624
[43]
Garland, R.M., Elrod, M.J., Kincaid, K., Beaver, M.R., Jimenez, J.L. and Tolbert, M.A. (2006) Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Hexanal on Sulfuric Acid Particles: Identification of Reaction Products. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 6863-6878.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.009
[44]
Ruggeri, G. and Takahama, S. (2016) Technical Note: Development of Chemoinformatic Tools to Enumerate Functional Groups in Molecules for Organic Aerosol Characterization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 4401-4422.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4401-2016
[45]
Ruthenburg, T.C., Perlin, P.C., Liu, V., McDade, C.E. and Dillner, A.M. (2014) Determination of Organic Matter and Organic Matter to Organic Carbon Ratios by Infrared Spectroscopy with Application to Selected Sites in the IMPROVE Network. Atmospheric Environment, 86, 47-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.034
[46]
Sax, M., Zenobi, R., Baltensperger, U. and Kalberer, M. (2007) Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Aerosol Formed by Photo-Oxidation of 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene and α-Pinene. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39, 822-830. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500257859
[47]
Ge, S., Xu, Y. and Jia, L. (2016) Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Ethyne in the Presence of NaCl in a Smog Chamber. Environmental Chemistry, 13, 699-710. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15155
[48]
Popovicheva, O.B., Kireeva, E.D., Shonija, N.K., Vojtisek-Lom, M. and Schwarz, J. (2015) FTIR Analysis of Surface Functionalities on Particulate Matter Produced by Off-Road Diesel Engines Operating on Diesel and Biofuel. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 22, 4534-4544.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3688-8
[49]
Ofner, J., Balzer, N., Buxmann, J., Grothe, H., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Platt, U., et al. (2012) Halogenation Processes of Secondary Organic Aerosol and Implications on Halogen Release Mechanisms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 5787-5806.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5787-2012
[50]
Roberts, J.E., Zeng, G., Maron, M.K., Mach, M., Dwebi, I. and Liu, Y. (2016) Measuring Heterogeneous Reaction Rates with ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy to Evaluate Chemical Fates in an Atmospheric Environment: A Physical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory Experiment. Journal of Chemical Education, 93, 733-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00290
[51]
Guzman-Morales, J., Frossard, A.A., Corrigan, A.L., Russell, L.M., Liu, S., Takahama, S., et al. (2014) Estimated Contributions of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol from Fossil Fuel Combustion during the CalNex and Cal-Mex Campaigns. Atmospheric Environment, 88, 330-340.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.047
[52]
Kim, H.C. and Yu, M.J. (2005) Characterization of Natural Organic Matter in Conventional Water Treatment Processes for Selection of Treatment Processes Focused on DBPs Control. Water Research, 39, 4779-4789.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.021
[53]
Hopey, J.A., Fuller, K.A., Krishnaswamy, V., Bowdle, D. and Newchurch, M.J. (2008) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Size-Segregated Aerosol Deposits on Foil Substrates. Applied Optics, 47, 2266-2274.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.002266
[54]
Hawkins, L.N. and Russell, L.M. (2010) Oxidation of Ketone Groups in Transported Biomass Burning Aerosol from the 2008 Northern California Lightning Series Fires. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 4142-4154.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.036
[55]
Zhao, Y., Wingen, L.M., Perraud, V. and Finlayson-Pitts, B.J. (2016) Phase, Composition, and Growth Mechanism for Secondary Organic Aerosol from the Ozonolysis of α-Cedrene. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 3245-3264.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3245-2016
