Energy security, cost of production and environmental constraints have necessitated the need for proper energy utilisation in the manufacturing industries. This work analysed energy and production data from an aluminium extrusion plant in Lagos, Nigeria for energy efficiency, exergy efficiency (or process?efficiency), energy cost per unit of production, CO2 emission and pollution?rate?index. The input-output energy analysis method was used to estimate the?embodied energy intensity. The pollution rate, energetic and exergetic efficiencies were estimated from the exergy analysis. The CO2 emission was estimated?from IPCC guideline on greenhouse inventories and the energy cost of unit?produce was estimated from energy cost accounting method. The five-year average thermal and electrical utilisation ratio was 45/55, which deviated from the 70:30 of the global best practices. The embodied energy intensity for the five years’ ranges between 2.31 - 162.3 GJ/t which is in excess of the recommended?range of (2.9-3.2 GJ/t). The mean energy efficiency for the five year was 79.4% and the mean exergetic efficiency was 57.8% indicating that production was well?managed (>50%) with energy wastages very high in boiler energy conversion. The total energy used was 16MJ and CO2 emitted is 1.01 × 1011 g during the study period. The average pollution rate index for the plant was 0.8695 indicating that the plant is negatively impacting the environment due to technological limitation of the energy conversion process employed in the manufacturing plant. The study reveals a distortion of the recommended best practice in energy balance ratio
References
[1]
Jinadu, J.A. (2005) Evaluation of Energy Utilization in a Private Company. Unpublished PGD Project Work. Federal University of Technology, Akure.
[2]
Arif, I. and Turker, G. (1998) Energy and Exergy Utilization in Turkey during 1995. Energy, 23, 1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(98)00063-2
[3]
Aiyedun, O.O. and Onakoya, B.A. (2002) Energy Efficiency of a Private Sector Production Company. Nigeria Journal of Industrial and System Studies, 1, 15-24.
[4]
EIA (2008) USA Energy Department, Annual Energy Review 2008.
https://www.eia.org
[5]
Adedeji, W.O. and Badmus, I. (2012) Energy and Economic Analysis of Energy Sourcing Pattern in a Nigerian Brewery. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3, 2229-5518.
[6]
Dincer, I. and Rosen, M.A. (2007) Exergy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Fundamentals). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1-21.
[7]
Reistad, G.M. (1975) Available Energy Conversion and Utilisation in the United State. Journal of Engineering Power, 97, 429-434. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3446026
[8]
Rosen, M.A. (1992) Evaluation of Energy Utilisation Efficiency in Canada Using Energy and Exergy Analysis. Energy-The International Journal, 17, 339-350.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(92)90109-D
[9]
Wall, G. (1988) Exergy Flows through Industrial Process. Exergy, 13, 199-214.
[10]
Wall, G. (1990) Exergy Conversion in Japanese Society. Exergy, 15, 435-444.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(90)90040-9
[11]
Wall, G. (1991) Exergy Conversion in the Finnish, Syracuse and Swedish Societies. OPUSCULA Exergy Progress, 15, 1-11.
[12]
Ozdogan, O. and Arkel, M. (1995) Energy and Exergy Analysis of Selected Turkish Industries. Exergy, 20, 73-80.
[13]
Rosen, M.A. and Dincer, I. (1999) Thermal Storage and Exergy Analysis: The Impact of Stratification. Transactions of the CSME 23 (IB), 73-186.
[14]
Vyzinkarova, D., Allegrini, E, Laner, D. and Astrup, T.F. (2013) Exergy Analysis of Aluminum Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Proceeding of 3rd International Exergy, Life Cycle Assessment, and Sustainability Workshop & Symposium (ELCAS3), Nisyros, 459-457.
[15]
Rosen, M.A. and Lee, D.L. (2009) Exergy-based Analysis and Efficiency Evaluation for an Aluminium Melting Furnace in a Die-casting Plant. Proceedings of the 4th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Energy & Environment, Cambridge, 24-26 February 2009, 160-165.
[16]
Acevedo, L., Usón, S. and Uche, J. (2015) Exergy Transfer Analysis of an Aluminium Holding Furnace. Energy Conversion and Management, 89, 484-496.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.021
[17]
Oladiran, M. and Meyer, J.P. (2007) Energy and Exergy Analysis of Energy Consumptions in the Industrial Sector in South Africa. Applied Energy, 84, 1056-1067.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.004
[18]
Diji, C.J. (2007) Energy-Exergy Analysis and Carbon (IV) Oxide Emission Estimation of the Cement Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan.
[19]
Waheed, M., Jekayinfa, S., Ojediran, J. and Imeokparia, O. (2008) Energetic Analysis of Fruit Juice Processing Operations in Nigeria. Energy, 33, 35-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.09.001
[20]
Badmus, I. and Osunleke, A.S. (2010) Application of Energy and Exergy Analysis for Efficient Energy Utilization in the Nigerian Residential Sector. International Journal of Exergy, 7, 352-368. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2010.031989
[21]
Fadare, D.A., Nkpeube, D.O., Oni, F.A., Waheed, M.A. and Bamiro, O.A. (2010) Energy and Exergy Analyses of Malt Drink Production in Nigeria. Energy, 35, 533-646.
[22]
Badmus, I. and Shokunbi, M.O. (2012) Energy, Energy and Economic Analyses of Energy Sourcing Pattern in a Lagos-Based Milk Producing Company. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology, 11, 67-78.
[23]
Adedeji, W.O. and Badmus, I. (2012) Energy Exergy and Economic Analysis of Energy Sourcing Pattern: In A Nigerian Brewery. Energy and Power Engineering, 4, 404-414. https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2012.46054
[24]
Adedeji, W.O. (2015) Energy-Exergy Analysis and Carbon (IV) Oxide Emission Estimation of Selected Food and Beverage Manufacturing Companies in Lagos, Nigeria. A Doctoral Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Abeokuta.
[25]
Costal, M.M., Schaeffer, R. and Worrel, E. (2001) Exergy Accounting of Energy and Materials Flows in Steel Production Systems. Energy, 26, 363-384.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(01)00004-4
[26]
Jaber, J.O., Al-Ghandoor, A. and Sawalha, S.A. (2008) Energy and Exergy Utilisation in the Transportation Sector of Jordan. Energy Policy, 36, 2995-3000.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.004
[27]
Tsatsaronis, G. and Cziesta, F. (2003) Thermodynamics. Summer Course on Optimisation of Energy Systems and Processes, Gliwice.
[28]
Hepbasli, A. (2008) A Study on Estimating the Energetic and Exergetic Prices of Various Residential Energy Sources. Energy & Buildings, 40, 308-315.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.01.023
[29]
Makarytchev, S.V. (1997) Environmental Impact Analysis of ACFB-Based Gas and Power Cogeneration. Energy, 23, 711-717.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(98)00017-6
[30]
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control (1996) Revised IPCC Guidelines or National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual.
[31]
ECN (2012) National Energy Policy. The Presidency, Energy Commission of Nigeria. http://www.energywatchgroup.org
[32]
Koroneos, C., Roumbas, G. and Moussiopoulos, N. (2005) Exergy Analysis of Cement Production. International Journal of Energy, 2, 55-68.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2005.006433
[33]
Worrel, E., Levine, M.D., Price, L.K., Martins, N.C., Vanden, B.R. and Blok, K. (1997) Potential and Policy Implication of Energy and Material Efficiency Improvement. Commission for Sustainable Development, New York.