Globalization has been the necessary catalyst that has catapulted international trade to new heights but not without some associated challenges. In practice globalization has in some cases created a backlash due to inequalities among regions. Seaborne trade accounts for close to 90% of world trade. Unfortunately, some of the sea lanes and routes have become vulnerable to pirate attacks, armed robbery, gun-running, illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, drug trafficking, human trafficking and marine pollution. Securing safe passages to ensure smooth supply chain operations embraces the involvement of many actors and stakeholders. Technology is being harnessed to mitigate the scourge of the piracy menace. With the help of the Vessel Traffic Service along some of the littoral countries in the Gulf of Guinea, constant monitoring is achieved thus ensuring a partial safe corridor for ocean going vessels to ply. This paper examines the interplay of the threat of piracy to the safety of navigation, maritime security, seafarers and the risk analysis methods involved in ensuring that sea lanes which form a pivotal vital link to the energy needs of the Gulf of Guinea are met.
Giddenes, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
[4]
Ma, S. (1999) Maritime Economics. Unpublished Lecture Handout, World Maritime University Malm? Sweden.
[5]
Saul, J. (2009) Pirates Pose Deadly Threat in Gulf of Guinea, Reuters Online.
http://www.reuters.com/article’/idUSGEEB113D
[6]
West Africa Waters Receive High Piracy Risk Designation (2012).
http://gcaptain.com/west-africa-waters-receive-high/
[7]
IMO (2011) International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers (1995) including 2010 Manila Amendments. IMO, London.
[8]
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2013) Transnational Organized Crime in West Africa: A Threat Assessment. UNDOC, Vienna.
[9]
Bridger, J. (2014) Kidnapping Resurgent in Gulf of Guinea Piracy. USNI News, March 2014.
https://news.usni.org/2014/03/14/kidnapping-resurgent-gulf-guinea-piracy
[10]
IMB (2016) Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships, Report for the Period 1st January to September 2016.
[11]
Bernstein, P.L. (1998) Stock Market Risk in a Post Keynesian World. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1998.11490176
[12]
March, J.G. and Shapira, Z. (1987) Managerial Perspectives on Risk and Risk Taking. Management Science, 33, 1404-1418.
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.33.11.1404
[13]
Greenberg, M., Chalk, P., Willis, H., Khilko, I. and Ortiz, D. (2006) Maritime Terrorism: Risk and Liability. RAND Corporation Centre for Terrorism and Risk Management Policy, Santa Monica, CA.
[14]
IMO (2002) Guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for Use in the IMO Maritime Safety Committee by Denmark at the 69th Session, 1998.
[15]
Allen, R.E. (1990) The Oxford Concise Dictionary. The Claren Press, Oxford.
[16]
Ayyub, B.M., Beach, J.E., Sarkani, S. and Assakkaf, I.A. (2002) Risk Analysis and Management for Marine System. NEJ, ASNE, 114, 181-206.
[17]
Friis-Hansen, P. and Pedersen, P.T. (1998) Risk Analysis of Conventional and Solo Watch Keeping. Submitted to International Maritime Organization (IMO) Maritime Safety Committee by Denmark at the 69th Session.
[18]
Merrick, J.R.W. and van Dorp, J.R. (2006) Speaking the Truth in Maritime Risk Assessment. Risk Analysis, 26, 223-237.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00708.x
[19]
Macduff, T. (1974) Probability of Vessel Collisions. Ocean Industry, 9, 144-148.
[20]
Kristiansen, S. (2005) Traffic-Based Models. In: Maritime Transportation-Safety Management and Risk Analysis, 133-171.
[21]
Rodger, C. and Petch, J. (1999) Uncertainty & Risk Analysis—A Practical Guide from Business Dynamics. Business Dynamics, Price Waterhouse Coopers United Kingdom Firm.
http://clem.mscd.edu/~mayest/Excel/Files/Uncertainty%20and%20Risk%20Analysis.pdf
[22]
Palisade (2005) Guide to Using RISK-Advanced Risk Analysis for Spreadsheets. Palisade Corporation.
[23]
Cormier, P.J. (1994) Towing Vessel Safety: Analysis of Congressional and Coast Guard Investigative Response to Operation Involvement in Casualties Where a Presumption of Negligence Exists. Master’s Thesis, University of Rhode Island.
[24]
Bryant, D.T. (1991) The Human Element in Shipping Casualties. Report Prepared for the Dept. of Transportation, Marine Directorate.
[25]
UK DPT (1987) MV Herald of Free Enterprise-Fatal Accident of Formal Safety Assessment to the IMO Rule-Making Process. Sheen Report, Report of Count No. 8074, UK Department of Transport, HMSO.
[26]
Wang, J. (2002) Offshore Safety Case Approach and Formal Safety Assessment of Ships. Journal of Safety Research, 33, 81-115.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00005-1
[27]
Wang, J. and Trbojevic, V.M. (2007) Design for Safety of Large Marine and Offshore Engineering Products. Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology, London.
[28]
Hawkes, K.G. (1989) Maritime Security. 9.
[29]
Howard, J. (2013) Obangame Express 2013 Comes to a Close, March 1, 2013.
http://www.africom.mil/Newsroom/Article/10389/excercise-express
[30]
EJF (2012) Pirate Fishing Exposed: The Fight Against Illegal Fishing in West and the EU.
[31]
International Labour Organization (2013) Caught at Sea: Forced Labour and Trafficking in Fisheries. ILO, Geneva.
[32]
European Union (2014) Fact Sheet: EU Strategy on the Gulf of Guinea. EU, Brussels.
[33]
Malaquais, A. (2010) Ask the Expert: The Growing Threat of Oil Pirates in West Africa’s Gulf of Guinea. ACSS News Spotlight.
[34]
JFQ (2007) Joint Forum Quarterly-Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea Issue 45. 2nd Quarterly 2007.
