The microwave induced argon plasma was applied to the preparation of NaOH-activated carbon from sugar cane bagasse. The distinguished feature of the heating technique with this cold plasma is the short operation time. The carbonization and the activation process were finalized in one step within 3 min. The prepared activated carbon with NaOH ratio 3 to bagasse characterized using N2 adsorption of type IV (IUPAC classification) to give specific surface area of 1980 m2/g and mesopore volume of 0.73 ml/g. It also showed a higher specific capacitance of 201 F/g in 1 M H2SO4 solution (with standard three electrodes) than the corresponding one by the conventional heating, previously reported. The other features were the absence of oxygen groups and the presence of carbon centered stable radicals, detected by ESR spectra, on the surface.
References
[1]
Yamaguchi, T. (1988) Preparation of Activated Carbon from Lignin Product with Alkali. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1988, 217-220.
https://doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1988.217
[2]
Xia, J., Noda, K., Kagawa, S. and Wakao, N. (1998) Production of Activated Carbon from Bagasse (Waste) of Sugarcane Grown in Brazil. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 31, 987-990. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.31.987
[3]
Kim, Y.J., Lee, B.J., Suezaki, H., Chino, T., Abe, Y., Yanagiura, T., Park, K.C. and Endo, M. (2006) Preparation and Characterization of Bamboo-based Activated Carbons as Electrode Materials for Electric Double Layer Capacitors. Carbon, 44, 1592-1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.011
[4]
Fierro, V., Torné-Fernández, V. and Celzard, A. (2007) Methodical Study of the Chemical Activation of Kraft Lignin with KOH and NaOH. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 101, 419-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.12.004
[5]
Konno, K., Ohba, Y., Onoe, K. and Yamaguchi, T. (2008) Preparation of Activated Carbon Having the Structure Derived from Biomass by Alkali Activation with NaOH, and Its Application for Electric Double-layer Capacitor. TANSO, 231, 2-7. https://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2008.2
[6]
Wang, T., Tan, S. and Liang, C. (2009) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Wood via Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation. Carbon, 47, 1880-1883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.03.035
[7]
Liou, T.H. (2010) Development of Mesoporous Structure and High Adsorption Capacity of Biomass-Based Activated Carbon by Phosphoric Acid and Zinc Chloride Activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 158, 129-142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.016
[8]
Rufford, T.E., Hulicova-Jurcakova, D., Khosla, K., Zhu, Z. and Lu, G.Q. (2010) Microstructure and Electrochemical Double-layer Capacitance of Carbon Electrodes Prepared by Zinc Chloride Activation of Sugar Cane Bagasse. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 912-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.048
[9]
Mendes, F.M.T., Marques, A.C.C., Mendonça, D.L., Oliveira, M.S., Moutta, R.O. and Ferreira-Leitåo, V.S. (2015) High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Sugar Cane Straw. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 6, 433-440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9356-5
[10]
Faltynowicz, H., Kaczmarczyk, J. and Kulażyňski, M. (2015) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Biomass Materials-giant Knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis). Open Chemistry, 13, 1150-1156.
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0128
[11]
Inal, I.I.G., Holmes, S.M., Banford, A. and Atkas, Z. (2015) The Performance of Supercapacitor Electrodes Developed from Chemically Activated Carbon Produced from Waste Tea. Applied Surface Science, 357, 696-703.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.067
[12]
Thomas, B.N. and George, S.C. (2015) Production of Activated Carbon from Natural Sources. iMedPub Journals Trends in Green Chemistry, 1, 1-5.
https://green-chemistry.imedpub.com/production-of-activated-carbon-fromnatural-sources.php?aid=7835
[13]
Kobayashi, M., Konno, K., Okamura, H., Yamaguchi, T. and Onoe, K. (2005) Decomposition of Biomass by Microwave Plasma Reactions. Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy, 84, 468-473.
[14]
Kobayashi, M., Konno, K., Nagazoe, H., Yamaguchi, T. and Onoe, K. (2006) Decomposition of Biomass by Microwave Plasma Process. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 159, 821-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(06)81723-4
[15]
Kurakane, K., Konno, K., Onoe, K. and Yamaguchi, T. (2006) Preparation of Activated Carbon with the Alkali Activation by the Microwave Plasma Heating. TANSO, 221, 14-18. https://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2006.14
[16]
Kasaoka, S., Sakata, Y., Mimura, A. and Yamato, H. (1976) Preparation of Activated Carbon from Various Plastics. Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1976, 1631-1640.
https://doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1976.1631
[17]
Valente-Nabais, J.M., Carrott, P.J.M., Ribeiro-Carrott, M.M.L. and Menéndez, J.A. (2004) Preparation and Modification of Activated Carbon Fibres by Microwave Heating. Carbon, 42, 1315-1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.01.033
[18]
Ji, Y., Li, T., Zhu, L., Wang, X. and Lin, Q. (2007) Preparation of Activated Carbons by Microwave Heating KOH Activation. Applied Surface Science, 254, 506-512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.06.034
[19]
Kubota, M., Hata, A. and Matsuda, H. (2009) Preparation of Activated Carbon from Phenolic Resin by KOH Chemical Activation under Microwave Heating. Carbon, 47, 2805-2811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.024
[20]
Lillo-Ródenas, M.A., Cazorla-Amorós, D. and Linares-Solano, A. (2003) Understanding Chemical Reactions between Carbons and NaOH and KOH: An Insight into the Chemical Activation Mechanism. Carbon, 41, 267-275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00279-8
[21]
Shiraishi, S., Kurihara, H., Shi, L., Nakayama, T. and Oya, A. (2002) Electric Double-Layer Capacitance of Meso/Macroporous Activated Carbon Fibers Prepared by the Blending Method. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149, A855-A861.
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1481525
[22]
Maruyama, S., Kurihara, M., Ishigaki, T. and Yonezawa, N. (2009) Influence of Thermal Plasma Treatment on Surface Properties of Activated Carbons and Their Electrochemical Properties. Journal of the Society of Inorganic Materials, Japan, 16, 372-376.
[23]
Erçin, D., Eken, M., Aktas, Z., Çetinkaya, S., Sakintuna, B. and Yürüm, Y. (2004) Effect of γ-Irradiation of Activated Carbons on the Generation of New Free Radicals and Porosity. Preprints of Papers—American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 49, 692-693.
https://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/49_2_Philadelphia_10-04_1108.pdf
