To investigate the effect of the application of rice husk (RH) and rice husk charcoal (RHC) on soil properties and rice production, pot experiment comprising of five treatments was conducted. Soil was mixed at the rate of 0 (control), 2% and 4% (w/w) with RH and RHC, respectively with randomized complete block design (RCBD). RHC incorporation had a potential to reduce the acidity of the soil, whereas, RH incorporation had almost no effect on the pH of the soil. RH and RHC amendment both increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, plant available water and field capacity but decreased the bulk density of soil. Crop growth components at harvest revealed that the highest plant height was recorded in RH4%. However, for the panicle length, panicle weight and number of tillers, the highest value was found in RHC2%, 14.2 cm, 4.0 g and 28.8 cm, respectively. Furthermore, number of panicle, 1000-grains weight and grain yield were also found highest in RHC2%, 22.4 g and 4.41 t/ha, respectively. However, for the number of grain per panicle and percentage of filled grain, the highest value was found in RH4%, 79.0 and 88.5, respectively. The grain yield increased by 38%, 28%, 18% and 22% and the biological yield increased by 27%, 18%, 14%, and 16% for RHC2%, RHC4%, RH2%, and RH4%, respectively, compared to that of the control; however, the significant difference was found only for RHC2% for both. The harvest index increased under all application rates of RH and RHC compared to that of control.
References
[1]
Normile, D. (2008) Reinventing Rice to Feed the World. Science, 321, 330-333.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.321.5887.330
[2]
Lal, R. (2009) Soils and Food Sufficiency. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008044
[3]
Aderolu, A.Z., Iyayp, E.A. and Onilude, A.A. (2007) Changes in Nutritional Value of Rice Husk during Trichoderma viride Degradation. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13, 583.
[4]
Lu, S.G., Sun, F.F. and Zong, Y.T. (2014) Effect of Rice Husk Biochar and Coal Fly Ash on Some Physical Properties of Expansive Clayey Soil (Vertisol). Catena, 114, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.10.014
[5]
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Crops statistics, Crops Investigation, Rice Plant (2013)
http://www.maff.go.jp/j/tokei/kouhyou/sakumotu/sakkyou_kome/index.html#r
[6]
Kookana, R.S., Sarmah, A.K., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E. and Singh, B. (2011) 3 Biochar Application to Soil: Agronomic and Environmental Benefits and Unintended Consequences. Advances in Agronomy, 112, 103-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385538-1.00003-2
[7]
Sohi, S.P. (2012) Carbon Storage with Benefits. Science, 338, 1034-1035.
[8]
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002) Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal—A Review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4
[9]
Zhang, A., Cui, L., Pan, G., Li, L., Hussain, Q., Zhang, X. and Crowley, D. (2010) Effect of Biochar Amendment on Yield and Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Rice Paddy from Tai Lake Plain, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 139, 469-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.003
[10]
Asai, H., Samson, B.K., Stephan, H.M., Songyikhangsuthor, K., Homma, K., Kiyono, Y. and Horie, T. (2009) Biochar Amendment Techniques for Upland Rice Production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil Physical Properties, Leaf SPAD and grain Yield. Field Crops Research, 111, 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.10.008
[11]
Varela Milla, O., Rivera, E.B., Huang, W.J., Chien, C. and Wang, Y.M. (2013) Agronomic Properties and Characterization of Rice Husk and Wood Biochars and Their Effect on the Growth of Water Spinach in a Field Test. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13, 251-266.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162013005000022
[12]
Jeon, W.T., Seong, K.Y., Lee, J.K., Oh, I.S., Lee, Y.H. and Ok, Y.S. (2010) Effects of Green Manure and Carbonized Rice Husk on Soil Properties and Rice Growth. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 43, 484-489.
[13]
Haefele, S.M., Konboon, Y., Wongboon, W., Amarante, S., Maarifat, A.A., Pfeiffer, E.M. and Knoblauch, C. (2011) Effects and Fate of Biochar from Rice Residues in Rice-Based Systems. Field Crops Research, 121, 430-440.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.014
[14]
Wang, J., Zhang, M., Xiong, Z., Liu, P. and Pan, G. (2011) Effects of Biochar Addition on N2O and CO2 Emissions from Two Paddy Soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 47, 887-896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0595-8
[15]
Ebaid, R.A. and El-Refaee, I.S. (2007) Utilization of Rice Husk as an Organic Fertilizer to Improve Productivity and Water Use Efficiency in Rice Fields. 8th African Crop Science Society Conference, El-Minia, 27-31 October 2007, 1923-1928.
[16]
Sui, Y., Gao, J., Liu, C., Zhang, W., Lan, Y., Li, S. and Tang, L. (2016) Interactive Effects of Straw-Derived Biochar and N Fertilization on Soil C Storage and Rice Productivity in Rice Paddies of Northeast China. Science of the Total Environment, 544, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.079
[17]
Kinoshita, N., Kato, M., Koyasaki, K., Kawashima, T., Nishimura, T., Hirayama, Y. and Kato, K. (2017) Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Rice Grain Quality and Yield-Related Traits in Two Closely Related Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica Cultivars Grown near the Northernmost Limit for Rice Paddy Cultivation. Breeding Science, 67, 191-206. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.16155
[18]
Standard, A.S.T.M. (2002) D3172. Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 19428-2959.
[19]
Wu, W., Yang, M., Feng, Q., McGrouther, K., Wang, H., Lu, H. and Chen, Y. (2012) Chemical Characterization of Rice Straw-Derived Biochar for Soil Amendment. Biomass and Bioenergy, 47, 268-276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.034
[20]
Konert, M. and Vandenberghe, J.E.F. (1997) Comparison of Laser Grain Size Analysis with Pipette and Sieve Analysis: A Solution for the Underestimation of the Clay Fraction. Sedimentology, 44, 523-535.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1997.d01-38.x
[21]
Klute, A. (1965) Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soil. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, 210-221.
[22]
Van Genuchten, M.T. (1980) A Closed-Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44, 892-898. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x
[23]
Cataldo, D.A., Schrader, L.E. and Youngs, V.L. (1974) Analysis by Digestion and Colorimetric Assay of Total Nitrogen in Plant Tissues High in Nitrate. Crop Science, 14, 854-856. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400060024x
[24]
Murphy, J.A.M.E.S. and Riley, J.P. (1962) A Modified Single Solution Method for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5
[25]
Ohyama, T. (1991) Analytical Procedures of N, P, K Content in Plant and Manure Materials Using H2SO4-H2O2 Kjeldahl Digestion Method. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 43, 111-120.
[26]
Analytical Software (1996) Statistix for Windows: User's Manual. Analytical Software.
[27]
Japanese Standard Association (2000) Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Soils (JIS A 1204). Japanese Standard Association, Tokyo.
[28]
Paethanom, A. and Yoshikawa, K. (2012) Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Rice Husk Char Characteristics and Its Tar Adsorption Capability. Energies, 5, 4941-4951. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5124941
[29]
Kizito, S., Wu, S., Kirui, W.K., Lei, M., Lu, Q., Bah, H. and Dong, R. (2015) Evaluation of Slow Pyrolyzed Wood and Rice Husks Biochar for Adsorption of Ammonium Nitrogen from Piggery Manure Anaerobic Digestate Slurry. Science of the Total Environment, 505, 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.096
[30]
Jindo, K., Mizumoto, H., Sawada, Y. and Sonoki, T. (2014) Physical and Chemical Characterization of Biochars Derived from Different Agricultural Residues. Biogeosciences, 11, 6613. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6613-2014
[31]
Lai, W.Y., Lai, C.M., Ke, G.R., Chung, R.S., Chen, C.T., Cheng, C.H. and Chen, C.C. (2013) The Effects of Woodchip Biochar Application on Crop Yield, Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soils Planted with Rice or Leaf Beet. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44, 1039-1044.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.06.028
[32]
Huang, M., Yang, L., Qin, H., Jiang, L. and Zou, Y. (2013) Quantifying the Effect of Biochar Amendment on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity in Chinese Rice Paddies. Field Crops Research, 154, 172-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.08.010
[33]
Chen, J., Liu, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, B., Lu, H., Chi, Z. and Wang, J. (2013) Biochar Soil Amendment Increased Bacterial But Decreased Fungal Gene Abundance with Shifts in Community Structure in a Slightly Acid Rice Paddy from Southwest China. Applied Soil Ecology, 71, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.05.003
[34]
Herath, H.M.S.K., Camps-Arbestain, M. and Hedley, M. (2013) Effect of Biochar on Soil Physical Properties in Two Contrasting Soils: An Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma, 209, 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.06.016
[35]
Munda, S., Nayak, A.K., Mishra, P.N., Bhattacharyya, P., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A. and Adak, T. (2016) Combined Application of Rice Husk Biochar and Fly Ash Improved the Yield of Lowland Rice. Soil Research, 54, 451-459.
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15295
[36]
Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S.J. and Lehmann, J. (2010) Maize Yield and Nutrition during 4 Years after Biochar Application to a Colombian Savanna Oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0327-0
[37]
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F.G., Van Der Velde, M. and Bastos, A.C. (2011) A Quantitative Review of the Effects of Biochar Application to Soils on Crop Productivity Using Meta-Analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 144, 175-187.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.08.015
[38]
Yamato, M., Okimori, Y., Wibowo, I.F., Anshori, S. and Ogawa, M. (2006) Effects of the Application of Charred Bark of Acacia mangium on the Yield of Maize [Zea mays], Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata] and Peanut [Arachis hypogaea], and Soil Chemical Properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Japan), 52, 489-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2006.00065.x
[39]
Downie, A., Crosky, A. and Munroe, P. (2009) Physical Properties of Biochar. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, 13-32.
[40]
Hussain, M., Farooq, M., Nawaz, A., Al-Sadi, A.M., Solaiman, Z.M., Alghamdi, S.S. and Siddique, K.H. (2017) Biochar for Crop Production: Potential Benefits and Risks. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17, 685-716.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1360-2
[41]
Zhang, X., Wang, H., He, L., Lu, K., Sarmah, A., Li, J. and Huang, H. (2013) Using Biochar for Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 8472-8483.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1659-0
[42]
Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S. (2008) Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Soil Research, 45, 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07109
[43]
Peng, X., Ye, L.L., Wang, C.H., Zhou, H. and Sun, B. (2011) Temperature- and Duration-Dependent Rice Straw-Derived Biochar: Characteristics and Its Effects on Soil Properties of an Ultisol in Southern China. Soil and Tillage Research, 112, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01.002
[44]
Alburquerque, J.A., Calero, J.M., Barrón, V., Torrent, J., del Campillo, M.C., Gallardo, A. and Villar, R. (2014) Effects of Biochars Produced from Different Feedstocks on Soil Properties and Sunflower Growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 177, 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201200652
[45]
Shackley, S., Carter, S., Knowles, T., Middelink, E., Haefele, S., Sohi, S. and Haszeldine, S. (2012) Sustainable Gasification-Biochar Systems? A Case-Study of Rice-Husk Gasification in Cambodia, Part I: Context, Chemical Properties, Environmental and Health and Safety Issues. Energy Policy, 42, 49-58.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.026
[46]
Kloss, S., Zehetner, F., Dellantonio, A., Hamid, R., Ottner, F., Liedtke, V. and Soja, G. (2012) Characterization of Slow Pyrolysis Biochars: Effects of Feedstocks and Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41, 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0070
[47]
Laghari, M., Mirjat, M.S., Hu, Z., Fazal, S., Xiao, B., Hu, M. and Guo, D. (2015) Effects of Biochar Application Rate on Sandy Desert Soil Properties and Sorghum Growth. Catena, 135, 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.08.013
[48]
Emmanuel, D. and Peter, R.R. (1995) Aluminum Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Plant Physiology, 107, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.08.013
