Exserohilum turcicum and Puccinia sorghi cause foliar fungal diseases that affect maize crop in Argentina. These diseases, northern leaf blight and common rust respectively, are presented each year with different levels of severity affecting significantly the yield in susceptible hybrids. Disease control usually consists in the use of resistant cultivars and chemical control. Biological control as a preventive method is a viable alternative to evaluate. The aims of this study were to evaluate the natural incidence of both foliar diseases in maize after application of two antagonists, to determine the survival of the antagonists in the maize phyllosphere and to evaluate the effect of inoculation on grain yield at harvest. Plants treated with both biological control agents showed significant reductions in the incidence of both foliar diseases. In northern leaf blight the reduction was higher than 50% during 40 days in plants treated with Bacillus spp. Moreover, grain yield was significantly higher as compared to control treatments.
References
[1]
Couretot, L. (2011) Principales enfermedades del cultivo de maíz. [Main Diseases of Maize Cultivation]. VI Jornada de Actualización Técnica de Maíz. Pergamino, Argentina.
[2]
Carmona, M. and Sautua, F. (2015) Enfermedades del maíz y umbrales para su control 2015-2016. [Corn Diseases and Thresholds for Control].
http://www.agroconsultasonline.com.ar//documento.html?op=v&documento_id=658
[3]
De Rossi, R., Plazas, M., Brucher, E., Ducasse, D. and Guerra, G. (2010) El Tizón del Maíz (Exserohilum turcicum): Presencia e impacto en el centro-norte de Córdoba durante tres campanas agrícolas. [Maize Blight (Exserohilum turcicum): Presence and Impact in North-Central Córdoba during Three Agricultural Seasons]. IX Congreso Nacional de Maíz, Rosario, Argentina, 169-197.
[4]
Couretot, L. (2010) Principales enfermedades del cultivo de maíz en la zona Norte de la Prov. de Bs. As. Campana 2009/10. [Major Diseases of Maize in the North of the Province of Buenos Aires].
http://www.inta.gov.ar/pergamino
[5]
Formento, A. (2010) Enfermedades foliares reemergentes del cultivo de maíz: Royas (Puccinia sorghi y Puccinia polysora), Tizón foliar (Exserohilum turcicum) y Mancha ocular (Kabatiella zeae). [Reemerging Foliar Diseases of Maize: Rusts (Puccinia sorghi and Puccinia polysora), Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) and Eyespot (Kabatiella zeae)]. INTA Paraná.
http://www.inta.gov.ar/parana/info/documentos
[6]
González, M. (2005) Roya común del maíz: Altos niveles de severidad en la zona maicera núcleo (campana 04/05). [Common Rust of Maize: High Levels of Severity in the Core Maize Area (Growing Season 04/05)]. Rev. Agromensajes No 15.
www.fcagr.unr.edu.ar/Extension/Agromensajes/15/2AM15.htm
[7]
Carmona, M., Melo Reis, E. and Trezzi Casa, R. (2008) Identificación y manejo de las principales enfermedades del maíz. [Identification and Management of major Diseases of Maize]. Ed. Horizonte A, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
[8]
Carmona, M., Sautua, F., Quiroga, M., Diaz, C. and Fernandez, P. (2011) Umbral de dano económico (UDE) como herramienta para el manejo integrado de la roya común del maíz (Puccinia sorghi). [Economic Damage Threshold (EDT) as a Tool for the Integrated Management of Common Rust of Maize (Puccinia sorghi)]. Enfermedades del maíz. http://www.aapresid.org.ar
[9]
Carmona, M. (2014) Umbrales para el control de las enfermedades foliares del maíz 2014. [Thresholds for the Control of Foliar Diseases of Maize 2014].
http://www.agroconsultasonline.com.ar/documento.html
[10]
Cook, R. (1993) Making Greater Use of Introduced Microorganisms for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Annual Review Phytopathology, 31, 53-80.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.000413
[11]
Huang, C., Yang, K., Liu, Y., Lin, Y. and Chen, C. (2010) Suppression of Southern Corn Leaf Blight by a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus C1L. Annals Applied Biology, 157, 45-53.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00408.x
[12]
Ye, Y., Li, Q., Fu, G., Yuan, G., Miao, J. and Lin, W. (2012) Identification of Antifungal Substance (Iturin A2) Produced by Bacillus subtilis B47 and Its Effect on Southern Corn Leaf Blight. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11, 90-99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(12)60786-X
[13]
Sartori, M., Nesci, A., Formento, A. and Etcheverry, M. (2015) Selection of Potential Biological Control of Exserohilum turcicum with Epiphytic Microorganisms from Maize. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 47, 62-71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2015.01.002
[14]
Sartori, M., Nesci, A., García, J., Passone, M.A., Montemarani, A. and Etcheverry, M. (2017) Efficacy of Epiphytic Bacteria to Prevent Northern Leaf Blight Caused by Exserohilum turcicum in Maize. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 49, 75-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2016.09.008
[15]
Kishore, K., Pande, S. and Podile, A. (2005) Biological Control of Late Leaf Spot of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Chitinolytic Bacteria. Biological Control, 95, 1157-1160. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1157
[16]
Dallyn, H. and Fox, A. (1980) Spoilage of Material of Reduced Water Activity by Xerophilic Fungi. In: Gould, G. and Corry, E., Eds., Society of Applied Bacteriology Technical Series 15, Academic Press, London, 219-239.
[17]
Ritchie, S. and Hanway, J. (1982) How a Corn Plant Develops. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Special Report No. 48. Ames, Iowa.
[18]
Sillon, M. (2009) Una nueva herramienta para medir roya de maíz a campo: La regla de los espacios. [A New Tool to Measure Rust from Corn at Field: The Rule of Space].
http://www.agroconsultasonline.com.ar//documento.html?op=v&documento_id=261
[19]
Bleicher, J. (1988) Níveis de resistência a Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. Emtrês ciclos de selecao em milho pipoca (Zea mays L.). [Levels of resistance to Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. Three Rounds of Selection on Popcorn]. Piracicaba. SP, Brasil.
[20]
SAGyP (1994) Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Norma de Comercialización de Maíz 1075/94. [Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. Maize Marketing Standard 1075/94].
www.recibidoresgranosba.com.ar/archivos/Resoluc.1075%2094.doc
[21]
Di, Rienzo. J., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M. and Robledo, C. (2013) InfoStat, versión 2013. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.infostat.com.ar
[22]
Bade, C. and Carmona, M. (2011) Comparison of Methods to Assess Severity of Common Rust Caused by Puccinia sorghi in Maize. Tropical Plant Pathology, 36, 264-266.
[23]
Cary, J., Connor, M., Stevenson, A., Houghton, J., Rangel, D., Cooke, L. and Hallsworth, J. (2016) Biocontrol Agents Promote Growth of Potato Pathogens, Depending on Environmental Conditions. Microbial Biotechnology, 9, 330-354.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12349
[24]
Kai, M., Vespermann, A. and Piechulla, B. (2008) The Growth of Fungi and Arabidopsis Thaliana Is Influenced by Bacterial Volatiles. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 3, 482-484. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.3.7.5681
[25]
Campbell, R. (1989) Biological Control of Microbial Plant Pathogens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511608612
[26]
Harlapur, S., Kulkarni, M., Wali, M. and Kulkarni, S. (2007) Evaluation of Plant Extract, Bio-Agents and Fungicides against Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. Causing Turcicum Leaf Blight of Maize. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20, 541-544.
[27]
Coutinho, T. and Venter, S. (2009) Pantoea ananatis: An Unconventional Plant Pathogen. Molecular Plant Pathology, 10, 325-335.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00542.x
[28]
Iimura, K. and Hosono, A. (1998) Antifungal Activities of Bacteria Endemic to Buckwheat Seeds. Fagopyrum, 15, 42-54.
[29]
Vantomme, R., Mergaert, J., Verdonck, L. and De Ley, J. (1989) Antagonistic Effect In Vitro of Erwinia uredovora LMG 2678 against Some Other Bacteria. Journal of Phytopathology, 124, 372-376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1989.tb04933.x
[30]
Pérez-Y-Terrón, R., Villegas, M., Cuellar, A., Munoz-Rojas, J., Castaneda, M., Hernández, I., Bustillos-Cristales, R., Baustista-Sosa, L., Munive, J., Caicedo-Rivas, R. and Fuentes-Ramirez, L. (2009) Detection of Pantoea ananatis, Causal Agent of Leaf Spot Disease of Maize, in Mexico. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 4, 96-99.
[31]
Bomfeti, C., Souza-Paccola, E., Massola, N., Marriel, I., Meirelles, W., Casela, C. and Paccola-Meirelles, L. (2008) Localization of Pantoea ananatis inside Lesions of Maize White Spot Disease Using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Molecular Techniques. Tropical Plant Pathology, 33, 1-6.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-56762008000100010
[32]
Goszczynska, T., Venter, S. and Coutinho, T. (2007) Isolation and Identification of the Causal Agent of Brown Stalk Rot, a New Disease of Corn in South Africa. Plant Disease, 91, 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-6-0711
[33]
Alippi, M. and López, A. (2010) First Report of Leaf Spot Disease of Maize Caused by Pantoea ananatis in Argentina. Plant Disease, 94, 487.
https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-4-0487A
[34]
Gerber, G. (2010) Yield Response of Fusarium Infected Maize Seed Treated with Biological Control Agent Formulations. Thesis of Master of Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Gauteng.
[35]
Cirilo, A., Andrade, F., Otegui, M., Maddonni, G., Vega, C. and Valentinuz, O. (2016) Ecofisiología del cultivo de maíz. [Ecophysiology of Maize Cultivation]. In: Eyhérabide, G., Ed., Bases para el manejo del cultivo de maíz, INTA, Argentina, 25-56.
